Security Of Computer And Internet Crimes - 1628 Words

Aloysius L. Keaton Paper #1 Security to Stop Computer and Internet Crimes Introduction The computer and the Internet are important tools used by many people all around the world. Usually the computer and internet are used for information. In today’s society it is being used for unlawful activities. It is being used to distribute child pornography, money laundering, credit card fraud; identify theft, and all other types of crimes. Hackers are people who use their computer skills to harm society. They are responsible for a great deal of these crimes. Information gathered by hackers are available to anyone with the right type of computer skills. The less security you have on your information has helped hackers gain access to information and destroyed people’s lives, corporations, and businesses. In this essay I plan to discuss security to stop computer and internet crime, protecting your computer, and what security methods that have been put into place to prevent computer crime. I will look into the following areas: What is computer crime? What are the different types of computer crime? What to do to prevent hacking and protect computers? Computer Crime Computer crimes are on the rise 1 in 10 Americans have had to experience some form of attack on their computer system. If you are connected to the internet in any shape, form, or fashion then you are susceptible to being a victim of a computer crime. Computer crime is defined as anyShow MoreRelatedComputer Crime And Its Effect On Society932 Words   |  4 PagesComputer crime has been an issue since the 1970s. Computer crimes have been categorized in two ways. First is a physical activity in which criminals steal computers. Second is that in which criminals commit crimes using computers. The recent development of the Internet has created a substantial increase in criminals commit crimes using computers. Thus, an emerging area of criminal behavior is cyber crime. Computer crimes mostly affect to a lot of areas of the society. When we work with computersRead MoreCyber Crimes, Moral And Ethical Implication1664 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Crimes, Moral and Ethical Implication Introduction The internet’s rapid growth and computer technology has helped people around the world over the past few years. This evolution has also enabled new forms of crime-dubbed cyber-crime. This phenomenon has greatly evoked feelings such as admiration and fear in people mind. Cyber-crime is defined as crimes committed on internet, with computers as the tool, Agathise E Joseph, June 28th 2006. It is not an â€Å"armed robbery†, not a murder but a practiceRead MoreCyber Crime And Cyber Criminals844 Words   |  4 Pages Cyber crime is defined as any crime that involves a computer and network. Individuals, businesses and government agencies around the world constantly face threats to their medical information, consumer data, as well as company trade information and military decisions. Cyber security specialists are professionals that are specifically trained to protect individuals and organizations from cyber crime, hackers and scammers. Cyber criminals cause chaos Cyber criminals take pride in creating chaosRead MoreComputer Crimes And The Most Famous One Is Hacking857 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many types of computer crimes and the most famous one is hacking. Hacking is the ability of gaining unauthorized access to systems or resources. Hacking is now commonly defined as someone breaking into a computer system. Trojan Horses is a program designed to breach the security of a computer system. An example of this is someone writing a seemingly harmless program, while the program really contains harmful code and data. There have even been programs that were â€Å"Trojan Horses†. These programsRead More Security on the Internet Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pages Security on the Internet Todays information is highly interconnected by the internet. With this interconnection of computer systems through the internet comes computer crime. Breaking into computer systems, damaging information, and stealing information, more commonly known as hacking, has become extremely common on the internet. As hacking becomes more frequent, and as some would say, more of a problem, should we consider hacking a criminal activity? Information from across the world is storedRead MoreWhy Are Systems Vulnerable?1591 Words   |  7 PagesWhy are systems vulnerable? What are the internet vulnerabilities? What are the wireless security challenges? What do you know about malicious software? What are computer crimes and should we do anything about them? (P295-p308) Why are systems vulnerable? - Systems are vulnerable because they are interconnected and can be accessed from any point in the connection. This interconnectivity increases the possibility for unauthorized access to private and sensitive materials, fraud, misuse or abuse.Read MoreCybercrime : A Victim Of Cybercrime1348 Words   |  6 Pagescybercrime. Cybercrime Definition Cybercrime (Computer Crime) is defined as the use of a computer to commit crimes such as fraud, trafficking in child pornography, intellectual property, stealing Identities, or violating the privacy of others (Britannica). Cybercrime and Homeland Security Cybercrime is important to homeland security because it helps to protect the United States against federal attacks. The Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Force focuses on identifying and locating internationalRead MoreWhat Is Information Security?1022 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Information Security? The definition of Information Security can be put in simple and understandable words; it is a system or a process that people may use in order to ensure the safety of their information or many other properties. Specialized measures, for example, passwords, biometrics, and firewalls alone are not sufficient in relieving dangers to data. A mixture of measures is obliged to secure frameworks and ensure data against mischief. Confidentiality, integrity and availability areRead MoreEthical Issue1171 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Today’s world computer crimes are internet related, and in this area carrying out law barriers are either not well defined or most of the countries they don’t have arraign cyber crime laws. Those laws deliver the absence of the safe, the only substitute is protection against apparent warning exists is to develop ones own, depend on constitutional protection, a big range, and ethics to reduce constitutional entrance. Establishing information systems are grater speed than process ofRead MoreComputer Viruses Essay example758 Words   |  4 PagesA computer virus program is altering program and it replicated itself by coping itself into other programs stored in a computer. The word virus is also commonly used broadly to include computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horse programs. For example, so-called anti-virus software will remove all three classes of these malicious programs. The first virus was born in the very beginning of 1970’s or even in the end of 1960’s although nobody was calling it a virus back then. Pervading animal

Ap World History Green Revolution free essay sample

Document 2 proves that as the Green Revolution increased the population as well as food supply from 1950 to present date. If you recall from 1930-1945 there was a stop to the growth of food supply and population because of the Great Depression and World War 2; when the Green Revolution began in 1945 little by little food supply began to show growth and populations expanded meaning that many countries especially the United States and Germany that were greatly affected were able to prosper and use the Green Revolution as a way to continue expanding. Germany, United States, and multiple other countries’ economy were able to flourish and become among the most important countries. This document is a form of a non-biast opinion that clearly state true facts and is not defending either sides; it is proving the growth. Document 3 is an opinion of a person who has truly been able to see the effects of The Green Revolution; Harry Truman is making a reference to peace-loving people meaning that he believes that his country can become a better place by the new innovations which are ways in becoming into a united country and family. Harry Truman’s point of view is a reference to a biast opinion because it is the opinion from someone whose job to make it seem as if everything is sugar coated and everything is perfect meaning that his motive is inspire his country. According to Document 5 in Punjab the Green Revolution was the ignition to a spark that would lead to the uprise of competition and demonstrate the ability to create new technologies. Document 6 is a proven form of the luxurious lifestyles that farmers had in distinct areas in which the Green Revolution made a big impact on such as Mexico. Mrs. Dula is a high-ranked woman in society who shares a very optimistic point of view about the impact the Green Revolution believes that the Green Revolution has had a positive consequence on multiple farming families in Mexico. Documents 1, 4, 8, and 10 all prove that the Green Revolution had a negative consequence on the economies of many countries as well was a way in which their roots were removed. Document 1 is proof that once the Green Revolution started it brought a continuous progress of the wheat yields. The wheat yields were more common in Mexico than in India but due to all those wheat yields many jobs were lost meaning that many families had to find a different job. It is not very easy to start from the beginning when all you do is plant wheat. One thing you should take into account is the point of view of the source because it is a non-biast opinion and so the graph is based on true facts. Document 8 points out that in Punjab where the Green Revolution was said to cause prosperity but, by the over using of the multiple plants the consequence resulted into a negative effect and so caused more problems concerning water supply. Dr. Vandana Shiva, the source of this document posses a unique point of view because he is an ecologists and so deeply believes that the Green Revolution was a form of exploiting nature and increasing the conflicts between other farmers whose land was damaged by the Green Revolution. Document 10 proves that other civilizations such as the Mayans and the indigenous people were negatively affected by the Green Revolution; as a cause of the Green Revolution the consequence was that their seeds got contaminated meaning that a little big part from where they were from were lost and so as firm they stood they were not able to defend them. The Guatemalan National Committee of Indigenous people point of view expressed in this document is of interest because it is a voice of very frustration and doubt and so would like the way the lower social classes are treated to improve. Document 7 and 9 are both examples of the perspectives in which the Green Revolution made both a positive effect and a negative effect. In the positive perspective of Document 7 the Green Revolution as a cause was a major impact on the technology and so as a consequence it brought multiple social benefits. The negative perspective of the Document 7 is that women were forced to work and so also take on responsibilities that men usually do. The source of this document posse a unique point of view because it shows the way women’s role has increased little by little. The positive perspective of Document 9 is that the Green Revolution caused aspirations and as a consequence changed the way life was lived. The negative perspective of Document 9 is that the green Revolution caused peasants to be the main state. One should take into account the point of view of the source because it is a biast opinion from a government official meaning that he likes to brag about the improvement of their state. Both Document 7 and 9 are examples of the Green Revolution which caused abnormalities and as a consequence they were able to continue. Another additional source that would be useful is a map. A map would be useful because it is a way to trace the expansion of the Green Revolution. By tracing the expansion of the Green Revolution you can see the impact it has on all types of societies and from where directly the revolution started. A map is also a source of rich history and as so is key to identifying the place where the Green Revolution had the major impact. A map creates a sense of direction and a way to direct yourself and go along with a sense of guidance. The Green Revolution is a revolution in which has changed the way society plays out and the way we live out. It is also a form in which many new ideas have spread across and influenced multiple societies. For example Punjab which the Green Revolution brought both a positive consequence and negative consequence; the positive being that through it caused the encouragement and aspired many to work for something and not to be conformists and to work for something better and the negative effect being that it caused multiple problems with farmers and so the use of water became a very common conflict. The Green Revolution is also a way every society whether good or bad was able to develop and so become into more close and united. Whether positive or negative the Green Revolution made an impact on millions of people and was the start of a new era that till present date changes.

TEACHERS ARE OVER

TEACHERS ARE OVER-PAID AND UNDER-WORKED Essay Pro: The role of education in a society is of crucial importance in order to have a civil and organised society; citizens need knowledge and the ability to think critically. They also need basic literacy and numeracy, and some knowledge of the world around them. This is not disputed, however, the need for teachers who receive high salaries and for 20 percent of the year are on holidays is rather questionable. One needs look no further than to the forum section of the Sydney Morning Herald to find the truth that teachers are overpaid and under worked. 1 Teachers enjoy an excellent remuneration package. One needs to search hard to find a career that, in the first year after graduation, can be paid up to 45 thousand dollars.2 Compared to the starting salaries in other careers, teachers can be seen as rather generously compensated. According to figures quoted in the Good Education guide, the average starting salary, a graduate entry teacher is paid, on average, $35 5743 and have some of the lowest course costs. This is compared to such courses as law and architecture, which have nearly double the course costs, an extra year of study and can only expect an extra two thousand dollars per annum. In the case of architecture, the average graduate can only expect a starting salary of $29000.4 With all this in mind, teachers can barely claim to be poorly paid at all. We will write a custom essay on TEACHERS ARE OVER-PAID AND UNDER-WORKED specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Teachers also claim to be overworked. However, this is a fallacy for two reasons. Firstly, teachers enjoy 12 weeks of holiday time a year. This is in direct contrast with the average employee, who receives a minimum of four weeks a year. Coupled with this is the fact that teachers enjoy all the public holidays away from the classroom. Their working hours are, essentially, between the hours of 8am to 3:30pm weekdays. This is different to the normal worker who has 8-hour days, and can work every day of the week. Teachers do have a fantastic deal! 5 A teachers job is not overly arduous, nor is it particularly dangerous. To highlight this fact, one needs only look to those career choices, which are more dangerous, but much lower paid. According to Work Cover Western Australia, the teaching profession for males only lost 9.1 hours per million working hours due to illness or injury. This figure is only bettered by the insurance sector. For comparison, the manufacturing industry, the worst industry as far as lost time for injury and disease is concerned, lost 24.3 hours per million. In the case of women, the educating profession only lost 6.3 hours due to injury or illness.6 As illustrated previously, teachers, compared to the rest of society, are overpaid and under worked. They are paid extremely well once they have graduated and receive much better holidays. They also have a safe and secure workplace compared to other lesser-paid workers. This safety shows that their career is not overly dangerous and can show teachers are overpaid, or on the contrary, that other workers need to be paid more danger money. Teachers are overpaid and under worked. 1 http://smh.com.au/yoursay/2003/09/17/ accessed 01/05/2004 2 http://education. qld.gov.au/hr/recruitment/administrative/docs/classroom_tea chers accessed 01/05/2004 3 http://www.thegoodguides.com.au/fostable. cfm?coursetype=undergraduate accessed 01/05/2004 4 http://www.thegoodguides.com.au/fostable.cfm?coursetype=undergraduate accessed 01/05/2004 5 /http://education.qld. gov.au/hr/recruitment/administrative/docs/classroom_te achers accessed 01/05/2004 and Suncorp Certified Agreement, page 9 6 All figures from WorkCover WA Injury Statistics (2002) http://www.safetyline.wa.gov.au/pagebin/injrstat0311. pdf accessed 01/05/2004 . TEACHERS ARE OVER TEACHERS ARE OVER-PAID AND UNDER-WORKED Essay Pro: The role of education in a society is of crucial importance in order to have a civil and organised society; citizens need knowledge and the ability to think critically. They also need basic literacy and numeracy, and some knowledge of the world around them. This is not disputed, however, the need for teachers who receive high salaries and for 20 percent of the year are on holidays is rather questionable. One needs look no further than to the forum section of the Sydney Morning Herald to find the truth that teachers are overpaid and under worked. 1 We will write a custom essay on TEACHERS ARE OVER-PAID AND UNDER-WORKED specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Teachers enjoy an excellent remuneration package. One needs to search hard to find a career that, in the first year after graduation, can be paid up to 45 thousand dollars.2 Compared to the starting salaries in other careers, teachers can be seen as rather generously compensated. According to figures quoted in the Good Education guide, the average starting salary, a graduate entry teacher is paid, on average, $35 5743 and have some of the lowest course costs. This is compared to such courses as law and architecture, which have nearly double the course costs, an extra year of study and can only expect an extra two thousand dollars per annum. In the case of architecture, the average graduate can only expect a starting salary of $29000.4 With all this in mind, teachers can barely claim to be poorly paid at all. Teachers also claim to be overworked. However, this is a fallacy for two reasons. Firstly, teachers enjoy 12 weeks of holiday time a year. This is in direct contrast with the average employee, who receives a minimum of four weeks a year. Coupled with this is the fact that teachers enjoy all the public holidays away from the classroom. Their working hours are, essentially, between the hours of 8am to 3:30pm weekdays. This is different to the normal worker who has 8-hour days, and can work every day of the week. Teachers do have a fantastic deal! 5 A teachers job is not overly arduous, nor is it particularly dangerous. To highlight this fact, one needs only look to those career choices, which are more dangerous, but much lower paid. According to Work Cover Western Australia, the teaching profession for males only lost 9.1 hours per million working hours due to illness or injury. This figure is only bettered by the insurance sector. For comparison, the manufacturing industry, the worst industry as far as lost time for injury and disease is concerned, lost 24.3 hours per million. In the case of women, the educating profession only lost 6.3 hours due to injury or illness.6 As illustrated previously, teachers, compared to the rest of society, are overpaid and under worked. They are paid extremely well once they have graduated and receive much better holidays. They also have a safe and secure workplace compared to other lesser-paid workers. This safety shows that their career is not overly dangerous and can show teachers are overpaid, or on the contrary, that other workers need to be paid more danger money. Teachers are overpaid and under worked. 1 http://smh.com.au/yoursay/2003/09/17/ accessed 01/05/2004 2 http://education. qld.gov.au/hr/recruitment/administrative/docs/classroom_teachers accessed 01/05/2004 3 http://www.thegoodguides.com.au/fostable. cfm?coursetype=undergraduate accessed 01/05/2004 4 http://www.thegoodguides.com.au/fostable.cfm?coursetype=undergraduate accessed 01/05/2004 5 /http://education.qld. gov.au/hr/recruitment/administrative/docs/classroom_teachers accessed 01/05/2004 and Suncorp Certified Agreement, page 9 6 All figures from WorkCover WA Injury Statistics (2002) http://www.safetyline.wa.gov.au/pagebin/injrstat0311. pdf accessed 01/05/2004 .

Plate Tectonics Theory essays

Plate Tectonics Theory essays Most people know about the prehistoric land that scientists have named Pangaea, but few know what it looked like, was like, and how it separated over millions of years. The hypothesis is now widely accepted and may soon become scientific law. I will explain the plate tectonics theory, Pangaeas climate and environment, and how the earths plates are continuing to move. Along the same lines, scientists have found it difficult to trace the movements of the continents that occurred very early in the earths history. However, a general picture can be constructed from a combination of evidence from various scientific fields. Early in history, there were probably two or three super continents that formed, broke up, and re-formed as lithospheric plates drifted slowly around the earth. Alfred Wegener first hypothesized the continent of Pangaea, and proposed that it formed between 250 and 300 million years ago. Many mountain regions, such as the Appalachian Mountains and Russias Ural Mountains, were formed during early Paleozoic Era collisions, which also created Pangaea. Now that you know how this super continent was formed, lets see how it dissipated. Following this, about two hundred million years ago, Pangaea began to break apart. It started to form two different landmasses. Just north of the equator a great east-west rift split the super continent, nearly separating Gondwanaland and Laurasia. They stayed connected only where the southern tip of Spain touched the northwestern coast of Africa. As a rift and small sea formed east of this connection, Laurasia began to rotate slowly in a clockwise direction. A little while later, both Gondwanaland and Laurasia began to split, creating four major continents. Present day South America broke away from Africa and India slid from its former position, connected with Antarctica and Australia. Later, the Himalayas formed as the last of the continents broke apart, India...

Internship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internship - Essay Example In addition, the communication goal entails having proficient skills in the written materials that I pass on to other departments. It is vital that this goal was achievable. This regards the fact that it possessed direct and achievable procedures in attaining its proficiency. In building the same, it was the same to build on a feasible rapport with the employees and mangers. This became the fundamental idea in highlighting the vital strategies in enhancing communication. This relates to the idea that communication is vanity without a core rapport with the partners in the same. The goal was to make the employees friends. In this sense, I could articulate proper responses and communication to fellows. To begin with, proper listening skills were vital accompaniment of communication. This occurred from the realization that individuals pay attention to those who conduct the same (Buhler 78). This means that communication was a means to achieving other objectives of affectivity in relationships. Listening was essential for manifesting caring nature in the conversations. More essentially, daily conversations contributed to enhancing relations and communication skills. The practical way of achieving the same pertained to asking relevant questions. In addition, gratitude was an essential way of engaging others in building one’s communication skills. Since the HR department dealt with employees’ welfare, it was vital to express appreciation for their work. This was an essential way of creating response scenarios with employees. More essentially, it was vital to express appreciation in amiable ways. This pertained to avoidance of sarcasm in the same scenarios. In close relation to the same, expression of empathy helped build communication platforms with employees. It creates mutually benefitting scenarios for constructive communication. Additionally, humor was a superb skill of enhancing communication. It was an

Welding Metals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Welding Metals - Essay Example (www.wikipedia.org). A weld is defined as a blend or coalescence of two or more metals by heating then until they reach a critical temperature and flow together. The piece of metal to be welded is called the base metal, work piece, or work. The edges of the base metal are often specially prepared for welding by, for example, machining, shearing, or gouging. There are five basic weld joints: butt, lap, corner, "T," and edge. The American Welding Society has developed a system of symbols that are added to mechanical drawings, to convey precisely how a welding site should be prepared, what type of weld should be made, and any other considerations. Arc welding is a very popular method of joining metal together for many different applications. It is the processes of joining metal together through fusion which is done by the electric Arc, by electrical current (Arc 1994).An electric arc between the electrode and the work piece generates heat. Sufficient heat is generated to melt the pieces together. The arc reaches temperatures of around 6,000 degrees Celsius which is concentrated at the tip of the electrode (Weldwell 2003). The range of welding current used varies from 5 to 500 amps. The voltage ranges from 20 to 30 volts. The current can be either AC or DC. The type of current is dependent on material thickness. The electrodes have a metal core surround by flux, which melts with the work piece creating a fusion weld. The flux coating forms a gas and slag that shields the molting metal pool. This flux materialis cleaned off once the weld has cooled with a wire brush. The weld should be as strong or stronger then the metal that i t is fusing together. There are four common types of welding namely Stick or SMAW(Shielded Metal Arc Welding) Mig or GMAW(Gas Metal Arc Welding) Tig or GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding). Flux-Core or FCAW (Flux Core Arc Welding). Shielded metal arc welding or stick welding is one of the most commonly used types of welding. (Repp 1994).this is because it is one of the easiest methods and the equipment used is inexpensive. It is used in mobile welding due to its ease of portability. In this process the flux covering the electrode melts during welding. Due to this gas and slag are formed that form a protective layer around the molten weld pool. The slag is chipped off the weld bead after welding. The flux provides a method of adding scavengers, deoxidizers, and alloying elements to the weld metal. Advantages The equipment is simple, inexpensive and portable. It has a moderate welding speed. This process is flexible i.e. in order to tackle different tasks, metals and thickness change of rods or welding parameters is sufficient. Flux provides excellent cleaning action in cases where weld metal preparation is less than ideal (rust, scale, dirt, etc.). It is less sensitive to wind and drifts. Discontinuities Considering the weld discontinuities stick welding suffers from undercut where a groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the weld toe or weld root and left unfilled by weld metal. Secondly it suffers from incomplete fusion i.e. a weld discontinuity in which fusion does not occur between weld metal and fusion faces or adjoining weld beads. Other discontinuities include porosity of the weld formed, cracks and slag inclusions in the weld. Problems The main problem concerning stick welding is Arc Blow. It is a problem that exists with most electric welding processes. It is caused by the preferential magnetic fields developed near the arc. These are most often caused by the arc current ground path or in the

American Civil War Essay Example for Free

American Civil War Essay From the start of the Civil War until the end of the Reconstruction period, America faced what can be considered a revolution. During this time, many social and constitutional developments emerged and brought great change to the country. Social developments that contributed to the revolution were the Freedmen’s Bureau, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Black Codes. Constitutional events that sparked dispute were the three civil rights bills, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the reconstruction. Between 1860 and 1877, both constitutional and social developments merged to created drastic changes that threatened the balance of life in the United States, causing revolt throughout many Americans and bringing about reform to the nation. Before 1860, the United States was split into two sides fighting for power: the North and South. Slave states and free states were constantly competing for representation in Congress. In order to reduce conflict, the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 were passed. Tensions lowered to a degree, but the compromises only delayed the inevitable discord. State’s rights was a critical topic during this time period. The south believed that they had the constitutional right to secede. After Lincoln was inaugurated in 1860, seven states seceded from the Union. Four more states followed after that. South Carolina, in particular, felt their rights had been stripped off of them, and challenged the Constitution of the United States. Document A) South Carolina feared the north would gain enough power that they would abolish slavery in the south, crippling their slave-based economy. This sequence of events induced the bloody Civil War, later leading to the enactment of the Emancipation Proclamation, which meant the freeing of slaves that were still under possession in 1863. Eventually, the 13th amendment, which abolished slavery, was passed. The end of the Civil War meant the end of bloodshed but the start of reconstruction of the nation. Although slaves were finally freed, it was still rough life for the freedmen. Some blacks felt betrayed by their own government. They were baffled at the fact that they fought for their nation but could not vote for their representatives. In the petition to the Union convention of Tennessee, it is stated that blacks were treated unfairly in court, as the courts would not even receive â€Å"negro testimony. † (Document C) Gideon Welles, Lincoln’s Secretary of the Navy wrote in a diary that the Federal Government has no control of whether or not blacks can vote; he felt it was up to the states to decide. Document D) In attempts to unite the nation, several acts were put into effect. The Freedmen’s Bureau, for example, was set up to help blacks read and write in order to counteract their disadvantages in education. It also provided food shelter, welfare, and medical attention to those affected by the war. Unfortunately, some acts were not in favor of the blacks, such as the Black Codes. The Black Codes prohibited blacks from renting land or e ven borrowing money to buy land. It also forced them to sign working contracts, synonymous to slavery. President Johnson felt that the Black Codes were necessary because he did not want America becoming â€Å"Africanized. † In a petition to the commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau, some African Americans felt their promised rights were being neglected. (Document E) On the other hand, political actions were taking place in the struggle for equal rights for all Americans. Republicans were taking control of government and were also ignoring the orders of President Johnson. Radical Republicans were struggling for equal rights throughout nation. In 1866, the Civil Rights Act was created. This act stated that African Americans were United States citizens, shielding them from the Black Codes, and essentially overriding the Dred Scott decision. Shortly after came the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The changing of the Constitution to include the 14th amendment was considered revolutionary. (Document F) President Johnson was impeached in 1868 due to 11 crimes and misdemeanors. He was the first president in history to get impeached. After his impeachment, blacks now started to receive more equal treatment. Blacks were finally able to vote in the 1868 election, which ended up giving the Republicans a victory. (Document G) The 15th amendment was also added to the Constitution, prohibiting any state from denying a citizen the right to vote. Although revolution was going positively throughout, the creation of the Ku Klux Klan was a negative addition. Their goal was to terrorize and scare blacks by force. (Document I) In 1870, Congress decided to ban these secret organizations and enforce the 14th and 15th amendments through the Force Acts. Document H) All in all, between 1860 and 1877, both constitutional and social developments caused great reform in America. Revolutionary ideas such as the freedom of slaves, anti-secession, and rebellion played a key factor throughout these years. The once estranged country was back on track as a unified whole. African Americans, as a result of constant struggle, gained their rights and freedom. It is safe to say that the United States faced a period of reconstruction, which amounted to the shaping of the country.