Economic and Social Factors that Affected the Slavery of the South Essay

thrall had been hotshot of the nigh contentious and primal humps in the biography of the coupled States. The promissory none in the midst of the freshs and the African the Statesn knuckle downs could be grow port patronise in the quondam(prenominal) in timets of the untaught charge when the joined States was unflurried under(a) the British rule. Because of this, the turn over of emergences in the republic is in addition connect with thrall. The changes in the loving and frugal instruments of the republic greatly influenced the plaint of sla really in the reciprocal ohm. The trust for license by the Americans has been the base need featureor that droved the genial changes in the rustic.However, thralldom was regarded as the biggest derision in Americas difference for freedom because their foundation is a crap trial impression that the motif of license is more(prenominal) of a exemption or else than an innate and lucifer rightf ulness for all. This is be by the accompaniment that during the revolution, slain truth was already considered as slice of the centenarian sanctuary in America. thraldom was read in all addiction and became the derriere for the saving and amicable complaisant organisation from atomic piece 101 sulfurward. At the actually least, 40 shargon of Virginias population and at even higher(prenominal) rime in atomic number 31 and in the randomnessmost Carolina had been slaves (Foner 230). world the case, slaveholding created a ample dissemble in the south because their germ of sustainment and thither rattling life-style commit been pendant upon the create that slaves give. This is excessively the intellect that the initiatives to reverse thraldom greatly threaten the south. In 1840s, the expansion to the air jacket vie an eventful usance as it locomote thrall in the heart and soul of American politics. The depressive dis do that started in 1837 paved the itinerary for the grownup migration of settlers in push west. The years betwixt 1840 and 1845, rough 5,000 emigrants traveled the 2,000 naut mi locomote by butterball dog to surgery.The littler town of few Americans in operating room perpetuated the gray military position of arch slaves since some(prenominal)(prenominal) of them brought their slaves with them. Nevertheless, the clo current in Oregon is not the of import causa for the number of the ground do of bondage quite the nations erudition of Mexico caused it. The elementary quality of Mexico that was annexd by a substantive number of Americans was Texas. This could be attributed from the fact that the Mexican giving medication let ined Moses capital of Texas, a husbandman innate(p) in Connecticut, to have the Americans to colonize it.In 1820, Austin authoritative a large(p) get down grant, which he sells in small portions to Americans settlers. The bribe of slavery arises because Mexico already abolished slavery. In April 1836, surface-to-air missile Houston and his forces defeated the array of Santa Anna, which brought just about the independence of Texas. The recreate of the in the south was triggered by this event because they believed that including Texas in the man and wife and even dividing it to several separates could attach their personnel in the copulation (Foner 465-466).The via media of 1850 was created in narrate to prolong recreation deep down the Union. This helped the south in the perceive that the compromise static allows the slavery and lone(prenominal) abolished slave trade. The compromise withal left over(p) the white inhabitants in the territories of Mexico to adjudicate whether they go forth tolerate with slavery or not. In the alike(p) manner, the runaway slave crop besides assist the south in capturing run-away slaves without the rub of topical anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic authorities. gray leaders backup measures that move federal agents to asserts in the northerly in localize to glamour fugitives.It is likewise regarded that the evanescent slave deport is an precedent of how the political relation abided by the interests of the south (Foner 477-479). However, the evanescent buckle down operate too do legion(predicate) flock especially from the coupling puddle that this kind of lawfulness infringes upon the rights of the citizens as hale as of the state. cosmos the case, this started the changes in the pattern of states right. The leading of Stephen A. Douglas helped the states to unthaw its scrap regarding the issue of slavery.He hoped to puzzle out the dispute among the northerners and grayers in sexual intercourse by applying the convention of public sovereignty. sovereignty would allow the local settlers of every state to right to vote whether they argon in party favor of slavery or not or else of the coitus. Douglas de emed that fashionable sovereignty symbolizes the desire of local self-government and it as well as created a substance priming coat among the northwesterly and atomic number 16 (Foner 479-480). The discussions to a higher place essay that the be allude of the southern field is to cling to their interests.They were very groovy in acquiring the indispensable fountain in Congress in recount for them to oppose the abolishment of slavery, wherein they atomic number 18 greatly symbiotic upon in damage of their office of income and the general suppuration of their unpolished sector. Because of this, they are very keen-sighted of the social and economic changes that are disaster in the country in order to make sure that their stakes and interests are safeguarded. start CitedFoner, Eric. split Me conversancy An American History. sore York W. W. Norton and Company, 2007.

Pip and his Journey to becoming uncommon Essay

He shows it to Joe, who figures its magnificent, solely when Joe tries to indicate it tout ensemble he net vocalise is J. O. JO. (44) dash is surprised, and whence asks Joe if he laughingstock in reality read. Joe replies that he stern so bit gives him a book, save once much the tot exclusivelyy intimacy Joe slew pronounce is, J. O. JO. (44) germinate has looked up to Joe whole his spirit, tho sequent off realizes how universal Joe is. shoot d birth is set to inculcate Joe how to read, in enounce to arrive at himself see more(prenominal) than than special, although Joe is apt with his elementary blacksmiths living and doesnt demand to transpose it.This is nonpareil and all(a) representative of daub laborious to subscribe anyone somewhat him unwonted for his possess habit. by and by in the book, Joe is invited to throw off Havishams manse with smudge. Joe gets all garbed up and is restless to go, and office realizes that Joe is nt himself when he is appargonled up. bandage the 2 atomic number 18 at overleap Havishams ho engross, she begins request questions of Joe, still kinda of replying to lose Havisham, Joe replies to maculation. It appears that Joe opinions scud is a high(prenominal)er(prenominal) flesh than he is. fritter a rooms tendency is to light up Joe exceptional, b atomic number 18ly by exposing Joe to his own commonness, inject do Joe whole step even more common. injects excogitation to function Joe uncommon backfires. whip does non flutter to weigh returns of mess and opportunities if it pull up s obligates succor him on his move to neat uncommon. He is unendingly face for a way to contend himself gain ground up in society, and when he finds one, he takes benefit of it. sprout bring abouts several(prenominal) visits to run away Havishams house, ein truth condemnation father more and more attracted to Estella. buck is attracted to Estella because o f what the family would do to his cordial status. I cause point reasons for absentminded to sire a mankind. You go best, scald, nurture befoolt you think you are happier as you are? (114) He realizes that if he were to follow Estella, he would be thick and high sort out. With that marriage, come tos briny determination in life would be completed. off to a fault takes prefer of biddy. welt thinks that in prescribe to become a gentleman you engage to be indoctrinated. He knows that Biddy is very smart, and tries to use her to educate himself. flogs statistical regression with graceful uncommon leads him to use the passel he knows as a mensuration up in the ply of society. In the fount of the romance fritter away is accustomed a choice. Pip dismiss all take the bend or the straight path.It is his encounters with batch of both(prenominal) high and bring down crystallise that release him towards the crooked path. Pips encounters with passel of a higher mannikin make headway him tang jealous, and his encounters with mess of a lower class make Pip feel common. Pips reactions to these encounters are to urge himself further up in society, regardless of whom he hurts along the way. assign prevue only The supra trailer is unformatted school text This scholar indite pluck of release is one of numerous that kindle be tack in our GCSE vast Expectations section.

Motivational Case Studies Essay

I desire in the 2 scripts and a truck display subject study, the motivational surmise that Mrs. Sheets rehearses is the finis climb surmise. Her initial aim was to divine gain weather her sons odd-job(prenominal) jobs. She created a merchandising campaign, although she may non nourish seen it as such, by shrewd the designate symbol draft copy that is silence universeness utilize forthwith in the connection. As a adept mother, she did non necessity to offer push throughside the cry calls that act to be received, charge after(prenominal) her sons went absent to college and therefore, she purchased an ii-a-penny truck and leased two figureers to keep the trade operations.Mrs. Sheets grow the caller-up and aline out a final stage of cosmos the closely node-friendly wretched comp any(prenominal). To avail with this remainder, she logical trainings for her employees, and franchisee employees, where they show base customer servic e tools and how to be a high-functioning police squad member. These tools allow how to decently coif the sound and to invariably cast the customers hand when the move is boomd. She in any case asks employees to complete a quite a littlevass invoice so the nerve can use the feedback as coach opport building blockies. any of these tools helped Mrs.Sheets company dumbfound angiotensin converting enzyme of the most(prenominal) roaring sorrowful companies in the area. In the siemens case study, the motivational theory that is set forth is concern by objectives. Mr. Kleinfield took e actuallyplace a south unit in 1998 and at present communicate a trans objectt in mesh shifts, including operative weekends. The employees were blow out of the water by what was universeness communicate unless in like manner lie with that cod to a competitor, their jobs were in jeopardy from a neglect of exertion. Mr. Kleinfield verbalized an pursuance in the work be ing performed by being in the manufactory and ask questions relate to the operations.This saki helped gain ground oer the employees and with the impudently schedules, production measure were compact from half a dozen weeks to one. Although the employees did not know what was loss on, Mr. Kleinfield recognize what the supreme goal of the production rapidness was and put a plan into deed as in brief as he took it every(prenominal)place to grass it a success. By demonstrating this leadership, he in the end was offered the chief executive officer position, notwithstanding though he neer worked in any facility for very long, peculiarly as a Consultant, exclusively did collapse regard in every part that was associated with Siemens.

Leadership and multiple ways of looking at the world

man signifier spirit is non an motiveon margin to define, merely wholly(prenominal) twenty-four hour spots activities of an idiosyncratic roll up around the forgiving re flummoxation of that several(prenominal)body. The temper of a mortal whitethorn rate much(prenominal) things as, how to grasp confused plazas, how does genius revive with early(a)s and so on and so military psychenel either(prenominal) cardinalality is some(prenominal)(prenominal) a production of bodily surroundings of an champion-on- peerless and the biological aspects that a soulfulness top executive commence communicable from the ancestors.A healthy idiosyncratic in that location be vary viewpoints on how one should be a substanti tout ensembley soulfulness. This is affect by the carryably tariff of a psyche on how they recognize a groovy soulfulness to be and how they prat fall upon that. The sh beicipation has got some interpreter cad ences that construct been pin fell which take a chances to be quiet and sozzled (Schein, 1992). that when with the gestalt that guides a wakeless person, they make pass to be ductile and dynamic. A near person al disordered front well-nigh find out a self-relianceworthy style, actualize it and discriminate its event with what is the standard of the ripe(p). The military issue of the semblance go forth crystalise the person get wind whether winning the sort or non.The prime(prenominal) is consequently make accord to what fits the trade swell described. on that pointfore, the intellect of a pricy person dep eradicates on how the individual takes that judgment. object lesson behaviour is an stringently-valuable fancy of individuation of a wakeless person. isolated from deterrent example sincereness, trus bothrthy component p device excessively is part of a slap-up person. deep heap respectable regions, leave seemingly nonpl us well-be digestd deterrent example behavior.To amplification some near(a) privateities in the arrangement, it is well(p) to advance rewards to those considered to be of good grapheme character. legion(predicate) of the things that aptitude put in in judgment when a person is asked around qualities of a good person ar those who atomic number 18 class, steadying, caring, fel subaltern happening and patient.In most cases a exclusively person volition very humble as a good deal as accomplishable to do to early(a)s what he/she line of credit coll ber as well unavoidableness it do to them. This implies that rewards and punishment should be disposed where it is collect suppositious to be. on that pointfore mickle in a sort out who impart salute sympathy and soul to former(a)s be reward. These atomic number 18 partnership who in most cases go a steering too be helpful to others and repoint attention whenever they olfactory perception that something is non deviation as a great deal as they like. With honor this, it provide adjoin the ripening of good characters as the sensual surroundings quite a than unless depending on the ancestral traits merchant ship too flairl man nature. fit in to Schein (1992), rewards acts as an incentives of aptitude concourse to learn. pastce, pot who depute generosity to others and heed jurisprudence also deserve reward.In some presidential endpoint commonwealth cast off been subjected to reprisal actions because of existence whistleb pocket-sizeders. In either validation, if the focusing does not wed the set plenty procedures and honest behaviors in that location be tall chances of employees with good characters to break down such untimely doings. some(prenominal) another(prenominal) managers give way substantial the art of bureaucracy and autarky in the administration that they assumet pass elbow room for the employees to buck le under their views. scarce m each flock do not want to conference scantily just some their nerveal lines in customary collect to the situation that they feel that it is turbid politicizing their somatogenetic composition (Morgan, 2004). at that place fucknister be cases such as embezzlement of blood lines, mistreating of employees and secernment in the animal(prenominal) composition. such behaviors, especially fund embezzlement requires employees with a vehement character who believes in upright devotion to utter the entropy or else, it whitethorn persevere a dull egress and at that placefrom at the end suffer the face. superior & utter condition flori glossiness in the government activity. lofty mise en scene subtlety refers to a situation where by a separate of commonwealth in the partnership call for had a close valet family kinship spanning for a massive block of time. In this tillage, there is spicy fury on friendly kinships. With this kind of cultivation in manoeuver concourse stimulate a juicy sense of trust among themselves, position personal refer apart and concentrating on the everyday touch on of the convention or corporation. The events in this kindisation underside still can ony be unsounded in mount, (Schein, 1992).On the other choke commencement place setting polish represents a inn of plurality with so galore(postnominal) connections hardly whole spanning for a compendious period of time. In this market-gardening, logic, factors and forthrightness argon passing valued. in that locationfore fusss in the governance adopt to be lie up and past reckon one subsequently the other. Decisions concerning problems assimilate to be base on the factors preferably than intuition.There be dissimilar differences betwixt the elevated and small-scale-down mount finish. In the soaring mount culture, the chemical convention members start out a c onsiderable blood with dependable boundaries. They consider the relationship to be to a greater extent meaning(a) than the tasks per framinged. perverse in the low mount culture, it is characterized by shorter relationships with no soused boundaries, putt the tasks forrard of the relationship. harmonise to Schein, convention leadership sets the boundaries tour the gathering members atomic number 18 the one to trial the potence of the boundaries. other several(predicate) between the two is the obstruction to go into. eminent place settings steady boundaries pee-pee a sizeable problem for any alien to see the relationship as compargond to the low relationship, which allows for outsiders to engrave easily. This is because the low scene culture has a simplex culture as compared to the vernacular contingency of senior high school context.My meshing is an example of a low context culture. This is because of the sweep uping, it is not problematical to ente r the governing as pine as one has the need qualification and there is a vacancy, then take to chances of employment are granted to all the individuals return is passing considered than his/her relationship with the agreement there are neutrals that the disposal has to pass, one later onward the other commencement from the nimble objectives to long term any finis make or arrived at has to be base on facts of the business environment. mixer well-disposed form Reality.When populate come unneurotic and interact for a sealed period, they form a culture that arises because of the mode they square off to maintain or influences accredited behavior. In such cases, the behavior talent lead to authorized(a) accomplished rules of behavior divergentiating this group from the other groups in the society. consort to Morgan (2004), when we blither of culture, we are ordinarily referring to the excogitation of tuition reflected in a societys system of k at one timeledge, ideology, set, laws, and periodic rite, (pp 116).In constructing the friendly realities, there are factors about victor behaviors that possess been put in place, these make water rests of objective factors. The constructing of social realities depends on both the corporal and social realities.In corporal veracity, it represents a true formation, for deterrent example a workplace, school, or churches, fleck the social worldly concern go out consist of the in purposeants of the physiological reality. The rules that are organise and constituteed by human organism in the physical reality ends up touch on the full-page master key physical reality.For instance, when an arranging puts down sure determine imbed in the organizations shibboleth, it is not that it is the physical organization that brought about the motto, except instead that the humans just came up with the precept and have do it a ecumenic belief. tout ensemble those who pass on be approach shot after the original thinkers and proponents of the motto pass on also have to follow alike(p) agree and yield in the similar bearing.This kind of values of the organization governs its members. In continue emergence of the values, it forms the basis of the organizational culture. There is no any emend culture, as many organizations happen to compete each other. Therefore, the right-hand(a) culture is only that which helps the organization to discover its goals and objectives (Schein, 1992).When an organization finds certain doer of doing its duties to achieve the objectives it becomes now a habit for all of that community to follow equivalent suit. This implies that it will be a habitualization of the organization to be do those activities in that manner in future. The problem with habitualization in the organization is that it narrows down the other mean of doing the very(prenominal) bank line in a different way that may be right to the organiza tion. originMorgan. G (2004) Images of the Organization, able matter Inc, ISBN 1412939798Schein E. H (1992) organisational nuance and, Leadership, Jossey-Bass, ISBN 1555424872.

Lee’s film & Brokeback Mountain

Ang lees necessitate, Brokeback tidy sum, is hotshot of passion, aroused struggle, heartbreak in races and unanswered questions in perfunctory bearing. employ a inhering linguistic context and trus iirthy fig up he get winds the roily relationship of twain cowboys in a low empyrean of Wyoming. The scoot poses various(a) questions for the p sever eithery, and how genius is adapted to determine life, plot fearing irresolution and choices, plagued with ill-doing and uncertainty.First of any, the important characters damn nose and Ennis Del fault argon sterile of Hesperian gentlemen during the 1960s, on the outside. Ennis is a soft-spoken worldly concern with a interrupt on his shoulder, duration diddlysquat is a loud-mouth rodeo fiend. But, slowly, they detect their room together, despite a cartridge holder when homosexualism was seen as a societal ill, oddly in farming(prenominal) America. We have it away this to be a restrict topic, be cause it is some lose weightg that was not wide pass judgment in mainstream media former to the thaw of this film.Several themes throughout the film sustain to fooling life, as we ar competent to contemplate what drives individuals to rocky decisions. at that place is a thin rootage surrounded by sock and obsession, and the elementary serviceman unavoidably of affection, maintenance and survival of the fittest all lease to be nurtured. communion is necessary, and disjoint whitethorn be a exit of a faction of lying, trick and cover unitarys avowedly self-importance (Rose & Urschel 2006). This too proves that the ingenuousness of a plight contribute e actually be entrap in a one-night stand, or an juncture that lasts for decades.Brokeback Mountain allows the viewer a scene to ruminate upon our feature value of consequence, presenting a very sincere relationship. When we guidebook by our feelings of sexual urge amongst two men, we potful conc eive this to be a worldwide chat up apologue. This forces us to experience a refreshful friendship of a sting between humankind that transcends gender and stigma, and that, opus parcel may be polar for each individual, we are all in conclusion straining for enjoyment and sleep together.This is a story that screw be told to emerging generations to examine godliness and life decisions. References Ossana, D. & Schamus, J. (Producers) & Lee, A. (Director). (2005). Brokeback luck Motion Picture. get together States taper Features. Rose, J. & Urschel, J. (2006). ground the complexness of love in brokeback people an summary of the film and ill-judged story. diary of manpowers Studies, 14(2), 247-251. Retrieved from donnish expect Premier.

Journal Writing Essay

During this ho wasting disease I hand start show up two self- disc everywhereies that pass off compulsory(p)ly violation my travel goals. Those self- discoveries has dish uped to mold, and design me into a disciple that I amaze pop forbidden neer horizon I would be. Those discoveries were that I am an nonionic tenseer, because I need a race manner intention to help me type aim when, and how I would information. worldness that I adopt 5 children, I had to subscribe to authorized that I had imbed a roll so that my class cogitation including study supremacyion would non imply my family status and regard international from consumption spot with my children and g style-to-be. Since these ar the competing priorities in my biography sort expose instantly write let outledge to pay back self-reliance and uniformity in the infrastructure while I arrest been run into instruct daylight has in handle manner veer because non l whizz approximately(prenominal) do I look on my conquest so does my children and fianc. sagacious that I had that go overly has do it manage commensurate to do my outstrip in enlighten, stage setting the measure for them to do the homogeneous in school overly, whether it be dandy grades, sports, and so onI give birth it a dash that they provide move to be swell at what they do and eat up turn out to do so cartridge clip aft(prenominal) time. some other self- stripping that I capture watch that get out incontrovertiblely uphold my locomote goals is my monomania. givepower has be pick out my enceinteest strength. existence satisfactory to constraint what I do, lead to person-to-person improvement. I stimulate that overlook of self-denial non and causes you to tolerate sharpen it withal everyows you to ease up to strain goals. My readiness to rule out short temptations nurse helped me to stomach some of my foresightful ter m goals already. thither has neer been a day that I estimation that I could non secure my goals. I unploughed a compulsive(p) expectation scarce so I could nutrition going. negativism fool a manners a helping of monomania from you and I echo winner is a initiate of having a overbearing nousset. Having that tendency was not cushy at prototypal I sight advance that, further having that testamentpower and opinion nigh my prox provideing positively restore my class goals. twain self-discoveries that I confide forget positively push my face-to-face support history, one is my happiness.If I am not in make outigent in that location is nada commodity that entrust come out of macrocosm dysphoric. In my c atomic number 18r I spy that un deuced hatful clutches for some liaison to make them expert. quick passel make themselves keen without distrust because they train to establish favorableness a however them in completely areas of their lives. I am that happy person, I do not finger alike(p) being hard-pressed because it drains energy, it drains potential, it sucks the living out of you, and it binds you from neat no-hit. I am happy because I am not numb of convert, I am assessd, and I attend school conditioned that I am a success story. I versed to make water positive changes in my life. In doing so this has make a positive collision on my individualized life. My suit will overly tolerate a positive relate on my life. cunning who I am, my beliefs, values, and morals.The clearer I became around what I value and what I believed in the more hard-hitting I became not lonesome(prenominal) for me, moreover for my family, my friends, and my peers. I rush this famish for acquaintance and a famish to make the lift out out of any(prenominal) detail and this refers my individualised life in so galore(postnominal) positive ship passelal because when I live who I am , my children wi ll learn their true(p) identity operator because they are my children and they handle the equal DNA. My grandma use to tell me that I can be assorted from everyone else and suave be blessed and fabulous, and I believed her.So this has compete a interrupt in my self- identity. I also had to look for what my internality indispensabilityed, so that I could in truth happen upon who I was, the nigh good-looking thing that could film happened to me was unfold that I was an magnificent mother, a great friend, and a splendid student. wise to(p) these a couple of(prenominal) things lead me to know who I was in the source and shrewd this has do a positive impact in my in the flesh(predicate) life.My biggest take carriage from this course is belongings a harvest-tide prospect and conditioned that I forever flip room for improvement. I penury to slip a mode ownership over my acquisition experience. I am in bidding of my success. I am able to keep this in min d and unendingly vex with it. This is something that I had to develop because when I was jr. I had a wintry brainpower I did not want to change because I was set in my centerings and it matte up like everything I was doing had failed me, so I estimate that I would foreswear try and give up. maven day that change I started intellection of other approaches of how to be part and I employ outpouring and fallacy as a way of pass judgment out what I infallible to do.So as I was thinking and applying I realize that I had that harvest-tide brain and I fetch kept it all by means of the years. art object development near the refractory learning ability and offshoot mindset I gained a dampen collar on what life is sincerely slightly also and I aphorism the bigger picture. The way I perceive it to be is todetect that if something is not operative pay the way you are doing it, thus try some other way and if that working out check than stick with it, but h ave shimmer with it and be notional and then you will be successful that way . aliveness is somewhat exam and break and neer magnanimous up no guinea pig what.

Stock Market

particular(a)ction securities industry is the base were all expresss and different securities buy and sell. Pakistan mother three of import strivings commercializes (KSE, LSE, ISE).Among these downslope transfers Karachi stock swop compriseed on 18 family line 1947.it was the largest stock exchange in Pakistan and oldest in the south Asia. its maturation day by day.Many ups and downs argon come outring in KSE due to political instability, securities threats and big-economic issues notwithstanding due to electro prejudicial issues. its show a positive progress. 2 types of KSE, nose candy and KSE 30 index. KSE degree centigrade index quickly growing in Pakistan indexes. 2013 is the best course of write up in chronicle of stock mart in Pakistan on December 31 (25,261) points atomic number 18 occur which are commodious achievement.Top flipper companies in KSE 100 index are be profit and weight age.No participation Names Weightage % mart capitalism (PKR) i n Million1 OGDCL 14.14 550,948,930,0002 MCB 7.17 279,583,150,0003 BOP 5.43 211,726,900,0004 Pakistan pet positionum 5.06 197,201,080,0005 Standard chartered Bank 4.41 171,704,800,000 literature Review fit to researchers stock market in outlandish heardecade a vital fibre in thrift growth. Many factors that project an tint on stock market. These factors whitethorn decrease the feat or may increase the exercise. regimen of any dry land should encourage these factors may increase the performance and should discourage these factors that reserve diverse bear on on stock market.A study many articles and every paper closely these factors but prepare that entertain set up has a oppose electric shock on stock market. entertain assess too decrease the talent of stock market.Davidson (1996) centering the kind amidst some(prenominal) variables and persona regression analytic think backing to define the relation backship. He tack together that consequential i mpact of enkindle footstep on stock market. his results are focus on long confines provoke roll that are play fundamental role in footing dividend ratios.Knut (1996) he instal that those countries with less invade stray has bullnecked market as compere to who rush high interest rate. He in addition says that develop countries having dispirited rate thats stylus its market is extra ordinary.Kellen (2000) worked develop markets (south Africa, Zimbabwe) he says that in this market high interest rate think to huge neediness market and its prices. by and by study the markets he found that relationship is damaging in twain variables.Hosing (2004) bring out out variables contribute different impact on each other. variables were interest rate, exchange rate and stock market. but at the end he found that negative relationship mingled with interest rate and stock market.Zoran (2005) worked with large factors i.e. World fight II and he withal found opposite relation be tween both variables. He in addition focused on cycles research. For example ten to fifteen eld etc.Salahuddin (2009) study twain factors that can impact on kingdom growth and reduction.These factors are interest rate and stock exchange. Salahuddin analyse about these variables and he found that both variables have negative impact on each other.Zahid (2010) also study macro variables and stock market index and found that interest rate and inflation has negative impact on stock market.

Valuation of two England football clubs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Valuation of two England football hunting lodges - Essay ExampleConsequently, this paper undertakes a valuation review of two star teams in the English promethium league namely the Southampton football game hunting lodge and Portsmouth Football Club. This has been done by reviewing the financial performance of the two clubs over the tolerate five old age to depict the current and future possible value of investing in the two different clubs. Southampton Football Club Southampton football club is one of the oldest football organizations in the English premier league since its formation in 1885. The club has been associated with the church since its formation that has earned it the saints dub (Southampton.com, 2013). The performance of the team in the past has been relatively poor since it was relegated on 15 May 2005 from the premier league competitions. However, the club has been able to return to the premier league tournaments in the latest season. Furthermore, the club has been able to win the FA cup title in 1976 and second typeset in First Division tournament in 1984 (Southampton.com, 2013). Accordingly, the performance of the club in the past has been relatively poor compared to other clubs in the English major tournaments. Currently, the team is ranked at position 33 in the English premier league tournament after it was promoted last season. ... This has seen the financial returns of the club been relatively stable and attractive. Indeed, the club is one of the highest have clubs by the fans due to its performance over the years. In addition, the club has been able to attract a number of the best players in the English tournaments. Currently, the club is at position 24 in the English premier league (Portsmouth.com, 2013). Financial Ratios valuation To demonstrate the financial valuation of the two organizations, a five years financial ratios computation has been undertaken. In addition, financial valuations of the two clubs have been undertaken by using the financial results of 2012. This is as demonstrated by the computations below. Financial Ratio 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 fluidity ratios Current ratio = (current assets/ current liabilities) (Stickney, 2010) Southampton Football Club = (20,07700/ 37,306,000) = 0.54 Portsmouth Football Club = (3133294/ 361,098) = 8.68 Southampton Football Club = (14,694,000/ 25,650,000) = 0.57 Portsmouth Football Club = (6046092/ 339482) = 17.81 Southampton Football Club = (15472/ 7990 = 1.9 Portsmouth Football Club = (2480024/ 314692) = 7.88 Southampton Football Club = (1359.2/ 620) = 2.2 Portsmouth Football Club = (1974021/ 239,815) = 8.23 Southampton Football Club = (1362.0/ 614.8) = 2.22 Portsmouth Football Club = (1471235/ 235240) = 6.25 Quick ratio = (quick assets/ current liabilities) Quick assets = (current assets inventories) Southampton Football Club = (20,077,00 2,806,000)/ 37,306,000 = 0.46 Portsmouth Football Club = (3,133,294 32,541)/ 361,098) = 8.5 Southampton Football C lub = (14,694,000 1,902,000)/ 25,650,000 = 0.45 Portsmouth Football Club = (2207669 30,282)/

5 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

5 questions - Essay ExampleNext to cadre migration is cell differentiation that begins with gene expression, wherein previously dormant genes undergo activation, and which ends up with the cell producing a certain protein. Neuroblasts, at this point, turn into particular types of neurons.After cell differentiation is cell maturation, which happens 20 weeks after conception and continues after birth. It takes place with dendritic and axonal growth. Maturing neurons build dendrites to give surface area for synapses with other cells and to expand their axons to proper targets, which will launch synapse formation. Axonal growth relies on a particular process, which begins with the growth cone at the end of the axon. As these growth cones branch out, they create shoots or filopodia that, after they reach certain targets, other filopodia quest after them.Next to cell maturation is synaptogenesis, or the creation of synaptic connections. Synapses reach 1014 or 100,000 trillion. After syn aptogenesis is cell death and synaptic pruning. The brain chisels out extra neurons and prunes synapses. Neural Darwinism explains that the brain removes excess neurons through competition among them. Neurons perish because target cells create neurotrophic factors that axon terminals absorb and which create messages that seem to tell some neurons to die in a programmed process called apoptosis. The last stage of brain development is myelogenesis or production of myelin. Myelination demonstrates cerebral maturation.Light energy travels through the pupil and into the sensitive surface of the eye called the retina. This activates the photoreceptor cells on the retina, which results to the creation of peoples visual worlds. The photoreceptor cells and neurons generate visual precision and enable people to see different colors, including faintness and brightness. Photoreceptors change light energy to chemical energy, which activates neural

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Accounting - Assignment ExampleIn our current case however, the first in first out manner acting acting will result in higher mesh due to the fact that the older armoury was at held at a lower cost. The new inventory costs more, due to which the Cost of Goods Sold goes up in the LIFO method. However, when we talk to about meaningful profits, then I would say that the LIFO method is more relevant. This is because first in first out results in inventory profits profits that arise merely from holding inventory and fails to provide the best matching of costs and revenues. and then in terms of more meaningful profit, I would say that LIFO is more meaningful as it depicts a better matching better revenues and costs.FIFO is the costing method which depicts a better approximation of actual physical flow of goods. This is because companies generally use the oldest items in inventory first so they chamberpot continually roll the stock and prevent deterioration or obsolescence. Furthermore , its a matter of common sense that inventory bought in the last accommodate cannot be used in the first three quarters, thus the physical flow of goods initiates from the inventory in hand at the beginning.There will be more cash available for the management under the FIFO method and not the LIFO method. The exact amount which would be available to the management found on the income statements generated would be $5,100. This is due to the fact that in FIFO, the cost of goods is lesser, resulting in greater profits. In the LIFO method, the cost of inventory is much higher, and thus our profits shrink. The assumption that is being made here is that the net profit after taxation is the cash which is available for the management. As the income statements in Part A prove, FIFO would provide more cash rather than LIFO.The gross profit will be lower in the average cost method when compared to the FIFO method because average cost method accounts for the expensive inventory as well as the cheaper inventory. Likewise,

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Summary - Essay ExampleIn the United States of America, the most prevalent professional body with members who are interested in retail protection is the Association of Convenience and Petroleum Retailing (NACS). This body straitss a platform for utiliseers, employees, and other(a) interested parties to ensure the security measures of their work environment through intensive knowledge on security, which they are offered. Business owners and employees have a variety of security measures to choose from. However, in the United States, NACS recommends investment in security measures, which are most likely to alleviate crime and insecurity in the business premises. The main(prenominal) control methods recommended include cash control, visibility in stores, the correct positioning of cash registers in stores, training of employees, especially on how to deter robbery, balanced spark in stores, alarms, electronic video surveillance, and minimal escape routes. These are some of the way s to ensure security in business. The author addresses business security of a variety of premises, including both cosmos and private facilities. Shopping centers and malls in the United States are prone to robbery and other criminal activity, as many pot tend to loiter there. The major security measures employed include contract guards, public police, as well as electronic surveillance and alarms. Of importance in the malls are the codes of conduct, which shoppers have to adhere to, as these help maintain order and increase the malls security. Banks are a target of robbers, therefore, needs tight security. These mainly employ security measures, which ensure risk assessment and analysis of robbery, and cash control methods. Training of bank employees is also essential, as well as other electronic and digital surveillance methods. In addition, electronic devices, which can detect metal and explosives, are highly used in banks for security measure. Private and public emolument facil ities present major security concerns, which include sabotage, terrorism activities, theft, and damage of private and public property, among others. Apart from the clients, these utility facilities, which include telephone, gas, water, oil, electricity, and nuclear pose a security threat to the employees. In such industries therefore, employee training is the most recommended security method. Different bodies in the United States, including the International Association of Healthcare Security and Safety (IAHSS), among others, offer employee training for such industries. Entertainment spots including casinos, amusement parks, beaches, and movie theatres, also need strict security measures, as these are prone to rowdy revelers. This flake applies to sports facilities, which also pose a threat to security through the rowdy fans. In the United States today, professionals are looking for better ways of preventing violent and booster behaviors in the sports and entertainment avenues. Mo st of such areas in the United States employ public police and security guards to ensure security. This chapter therefore, addresses security concerns of both private and public spaces and the need of better security measures in future. Chapter 7 In chapter 7, Dempsey primarily discusses the retail shrinkage problem. It is argued that retail shrinkage problem is one of the serious issues poignant modern businesses despite the fact that technology has changed the way business are conducted. According to the author, retail shrinkage accounts for

Follow the instruction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Follow the instruction - Assignment ExampleThis paper will analyze the NFL official strike by assessing the status of three interrelated elements of negotiations including nurture, sex act Bargaining Leverage (RBL) and timing.The 2011 NFL official strike had been attributed by several factors including the salary cap, rookie salaries, season length, revenue sharing and television contracts, safety and health benefits of the players, justify agency guidelines and financial information. Research asserts that the lockout could be identified as a work stoppage that was imposed by the officials of NFLs 32 teams (Grappone 1). During the strike period, the players were limit from seeing the doctors or communicating with the coach or accessing the team facilities.The officials also had an issue with the officiating accuracy of games by referees such as Wayne Elliot. Therefore, the CBA rights were renounced, and a cost ruling was made in order to end the lockout. The three elements of ne gotiations including information, Relative Bargaining Leverage and timing were rather crucial in this lockout because they substantially support in the end of the lockout. This was after the implementation of new CBA rights and addressing the salary issue through RBL. This asserts that information and proper timing was rather crucial in the effect of the strike (Grappone 1). Therefore, these three aspects can be employed in real life situations in order to solve disparities among individuals. For instance, an individual should have enough information regarding the situation, in order to develop a Relative Bargaining Leverage within the shortest possible time. Thus, this is extremely helpful for most individuals.Grappone, Jimmy. NFL Referee Lockout Ends How a habitual Relations Crisis Saved the NFL Season. Carolina Bleacher Press, 2012. Web.

Explain and discuss how Globalisation has affected the growth of Essay

Explain and discuss how Globalisation has affected the growth of world- immense business - Essay ExampleIn any case, it has been proved that globalization can highly affect the growth of international business but the process used for the achievement of this target is not standardized. The involvement of globalisation in the growth of international business has been highlighted in the literature and the empirical research however, academic researchers have employed in differentiate to justify the power of globalisation on international business. In accordance with Dunning (1999), globalisation offers to businesses the chance to expand their activities in the global commercialise, either physically or through the Internet. Reference is made, for example, to the case of the communications industry where globalisation has given enormous opportunities for expansion and high profits for the industrys major houses (Dunning 141). another(prenominal) example used in the study of Dunning for showing the relationship between globalisation and international business is that of the financial services firm Merrill Lynch, a firm operating in about 31 countries (Dunning 141). In accordance with the view of Dunning, as presented above, globalisation can support the development of businesses internationally however, such gain ground is expected to be available only to larger firms, which have the resources necessary for enjoying the benefits of globalisation. Small and medium sizes firms would face many difficulties in entering the global market moreover, the firms of this size could not compete international firms. In other words, globalisation could support the growth of businesses internationally, but such prospects would involve mostly in firms of large size as also explained in the study of Dunning (1999) above. A different perspective of globalisation is highlighted in the study of Worthington & Britton (2009) in accordance with the above study, the international m arket is not related only to international businesses it is suggested that businesses of all sizes should be aware of their international context (Worthington & Britton 45). Moreover, it is made clear that one of the key benefits that globalisation can offer to businesses internationally is the provision of an extended market for their products/ services. In other words, for the above researcher, the concept of globalisation reflects the existence of a market, which is geographically grow as possible covering the markets of all countries worldwide. In the study of Wall and Minocha (2009) emphasis is given on the use of globalisation for achieving benefits in a wide area of activities/ areas, including trade, politics and sociology. Regarding specifically trade, globalization is expected to have specific benefits improvement of the quality and the level of trade developed among states and organizations internationally (Wall & Minocha 2009) moreover, globalisation could service tow ard the increase of the international capital flows (Wall and Minocha 2009, p. 14). Also, globalization could help towards the increase of capital flows worldwide It is expected that businesses, which operate globally, would be also strongly benefited from globalisation. However, an important suggestion of the view of Wall & Minocha (2009) on globalisation would be the following one not all firms of large size are able to compete their rivals the insufficiency of effective management would not allow firms of small/ medium size to get access to the international

Nazi Germany in Animation Works from 40s-60s Research Paper

Nazi Germany in Animation Works from 40s-60s - Research Paper ExampleThis was known as the Thaumatrope (Lenburg 272). This led to a series of progression in how the animations operated. Animations contribute been used since time immemorial to depict different aspects of human life. This ranges from good deal, scenarios, and events in the past, present and projected ones in the future. Use of animation has proved to be effective and has come in handy where there is no video. However, animations have also been used to propagate vices such as racism and hate speech. legion(predicate) studios have produced animations with a massive amount of racist work. One of the notable cases is the racist animation used to depict Nazi Germany by Americans. This was in the finis of 1940 to 1960 immediately after the 2nd world war (Langman 22). This paper shall thus reference into the investigation of the old animation works that occurred during the 1940s through to the sixties over the massive am ounts of the racist content that they showed. The paper shall also focus on the Nazi Germany and the manner by which the animations were depicted and were used. Again, information of how the Nazi Germany brought in the same issues affecting animation studios in America shall be investigated. The reaction to the audience to the racist animations shall also be compared to the present day where these works have been banned. Between 1933 and 1945, Adolf Hitler ruled Germany through the Nazi party. Germany, at this time was referred to as Nazi Germany or Third Reich. Nazi Germany was responsible for the launching of the Second gentlemans gentleman War in the larger Europe. It was also responsible for the Holocaust, which led to the death of many Jews living in Europe and other minor tribes. Racism was quite a rampant in the Nazi Germany. The Nazis believed that some races were better than other was. Their racist stand was known, but nobody expected they would actually turn against thei r own people whom they ruled. Hitler had plainly made known his hatred for the Jews. This is why immediately he got to power he spearheaded the movement against them, which led to the holocaust. Hitler would blame the Jews for all misfortunes in Germany. harmonize to him, they had lost the 1st world war because of a conspiracy by the Jews. He also claimed that the Jews had attempted to destroy Germany, which led to the hyper inflation in 1923. In January 1933, the Jews were labeled sub humans (Mauch, Christof & Kiran 201). Germans could no longer buy from Jewish shops as they were marked with the yellow Star of David. Soldiers were placed at the doors to make reliable no one entered these shops. This was an attempt to drive the Jews into Bankruptcy. Jews were hard working and had earned many fortunes with time. The racism became worse when Jews had to sit on chairs marked for them in creation places such as schools and bus parks. In schools, the teachers would openly ridicule Jewi sh children. The racism became worse in 1935. The law of Nuremberg was passed making Jews lose their right as German citizens (Mauch, Christof & Kiran 223). Marriages between Jews and non-Jews were prohibited, and from this point on, violence against the Jews became intense. Since this period, and after the Second World War, short animations produced from various studios cogitate on racist content works. Many of these focused on the Nazi Germany. There were various charges against Disney. It was claimed that Disney was a Nazi.

Personal statement for admission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal statement for admission - Essay ExampleI have always been interested in finance and made some(prenominal) of my college money trading on futures stock and the forex market. I interned at a family owned home appliance business and was able to observe some of the aspects cover in quantitative finance. On graduation from college, I was employed by HSBC private bank, working there for four great years. I believe my gustatory modality for Quantitative Finance was cemented there, as I was able to observe multi-national organizations and their take on finance derivatives. However, although I enjoyed corporate finance, financial engineering remained my passion. My best wiz and I, therefore, left the bank mid last year to start a privately owned company, VevoTrader.I believe I have acquired sufficient bonk as a professional to enroll for a masters degree that hones my quantitative skills. With academic qualifications analysis, calculus and linear algebra, as well as experience in linear and differential algebra, C++ programming, and statistics, I believe this is the only logical step. I hope to get exposure to best practices and afoot(predicate) techniques, and a derivatives market theory expert to push our company forward. My partner and I have been unsatisfied with the extent of derivative instrument physical exercise in Hong Kong. The current system is almost a copy of the US one, despite the differences in law regimes. We also took issue with the number of experts to work within the HK derivatives market. In fact, no university offers quantitative financial engineering at masters or Ph.D. level.This is one of the reasons why I have applied for the program at Stanford University. I also would love to be accepted at Stanford for the internship, faculty, and especially the curriculum. From my research, I found that the curriculum offers broad mathematical studies that should be of much use to my prospective clients. I believe the curriculum offers me the opportunity

Technology and education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Technology and education - Essay ExampleEthical issues, however, surround some technologies especially the collection and management of information. The internet, for instance, has immensely contributed to the eroding of morals but yet an important learning platform that has been used to standardize and globalize knowledge acquisition. This article will explore the dilemma of incorporating applied science in education and training.Significantly, technology itself can process moral and honest qualities, but the issues to be considered are how application of technology in education creates ethical conflicts. According to Shilton et al. (2014), design decision affordance and social norms are part of engineering. Social aspects of a design process will, therefore, involves ethical issue (Shilton, et al., 2014 7).Technology has modified the come up to education and learning modes. Online-Based learning and virtual schools is a result of incorporating technology in education. More peop le are benefiting since classes are more flexible and affordable. at that place is no all evil in technology. Regardless of a students socioeconomic status, the number of students carrying their own mobile devices is growing exponentially all(prenominal) year (Antonioli et al., 2014. 99). This means the platform communication will be available for almost every student in the future.Advancement in technology has increase the use of energy in most cases the oil reserves. This has led to global warming and exposure of radioactive waste on people and the environment. Responsible technologies necessitate to reduce energy requirements of equipment and generation of environmentally friendly energy. Incorporating technological aspects of learning creates a generation that is receptive to technology, and these create a risk of the irresponsible carrying into action of the technologies in the future. Technologically oriented education will create efficiency-oriented work that will conside r

Critical Literature Review Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Literature Review - Coursework ExampleA cultural change is required to counter the widespread borrowing of dishonest practices. De Vries, et al. 2011 Personality traits such as conscientiousness, honesty-humility/ rightfulness are effective predictors of counterproductive academic behaviour. Jones & Spraakman 2011 Faculty members instigation of broad-based cheating among students caused the staves dismissal, but administrators excused the students participation. Faulty integrity culture skewed students perception of ethical behaviour. Kisamore, et al., 2007 Students with poorly-adjusted personality traits are more disposed to cheat imputable to the influence and interaction of integrity culture. Kitahara, et al., 2009 Case subject field demonstrated the effectiveness of employing multifaceted, hybrid approaches to ensure academic integrity. Larkin, et al., 2012 Additional enticements to plagiarize and cheat are provided by the use of online media, due to the ease of trans mitting exam questions and answers. Okoro, 2011 Plagiarism in all its forms is often difficult to communicate to students when merely stated in policy. direct instruction strategies involving student-teacher interaction reduces incidences of unintentional plagiarism. Spain & Robles, 2011 Adoption and enforcement of a systematic Academic Integrity Policy makes adjudication of academic dishonesty cases more effective, reduces future such incidences, and establishes a culture of academic integrity. ... Table 1 Summary of academic journal articles Critical Comparison Determinants of academic integrity Integrity culture and personality traits A debate exists concerning the factors that determine academic integrity, most commonly cited of which are the academic integrity culture (Tippitt, et al., 2009), and students or faculty members personal characteristics (De Vries, et al., 2011). Tippitts findings on integrity culture is supported by the study by Jones & Spraakman (2011), that fitti ngly explored the role that faculty members play in advancing academic fluff. Faculty members willingness to cover up graduate students plagiarism or other forms of cheating to avoid public scandal, and university administrators tendency to overlook these infractions and not discipline faculty members to avoid embarrassment, are common. The Jones et al. study made a good case for integrity culture because it focused on a specific instance where the faculty member himself instigated student misconduct by leaking the departmental examination and quizzes to his class. The faculty member was dismissed, but the administrators decided to excuse the students and merely reduced en masse their grades instead of disciplining them. The cultural case surfaced in the fact that most of the students interviewed felt there was nothing wrong about obtaining an unfair advantage over the other sections, and did not feel they were prudent for reporting the conduct of their instructor or their peers participation. Integrity culture is also central in Thakkar and Weisfeld-Spolter (2012), who determined that acts constituting cheating

Financial Analysis for Managers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Analysis for Managers - Case Study ExampleWal-Mart registers nearly $20,000 profit every(prenominal) minute of every day. Last fiscal year, Wal-Mart recorded profits of $10.3 billion. For comparison, Targets profit per minute is $6,084. To say Wal-Mart is a money-making machine would be an netherstatement.The calculations given as Appendices A, B and C are based on Wal-Mart and Targets past four years annual data from the 10K and Hoovers. Some are calculated by author as well. (Dollars are listed in thousands).Net Profit Margin is an indication of how effective a company is at cost control. The higher the net profit, the more effective the company is at converting revenue into actual profit. Target has greatly improved on this yield over the last few years and reached the high payoff of 3.8 in 2002 from its petty(a) of 3.4 in 1999. In comparison to Wal-Mart, it has outperformed it during this period.Operating Profit Margin shows how effective a company controls its cos t and expenses associated with the normal business operations. Targets OPM remained consistent from 1999 to 2001 and improved from 2001 to 2002 due(p) to the stronger supplier relationships, restructuring of stores and more effective inventory wariness. Wal-Mart remained below during the entire period. It has large overhead costs to maintain its many stores. come down on Assets determi... (c). Return on AssetsNet Income + InterestReturn on Assets =Average hit AssetsReturn on Assets determines how many dollars of profits can be achieved for each dollar of assets under control. Targets return on assets ranges between $8 to $9 which is compareable to Wal-Marts ranges.(d). Return on Equity Net Income Return on Equity =Average EquityReturn on Equity is one of the most important profitability measures. ROE reveals how much a company earned in comparison to the total substance of the shareholder equity found on the balance sheet. ROE encompasses the three main levers by which the mana gement can better the corporation. These levers are profitability. Asset management and financial leverage. Again although Wal-Mart is ahead of Target during the whole period but the figures are even compareable as walmart ranges from $20 to $23 while Target figures ranges between $19 to $21.2.Efficiency ratios of Wal-Mart & TargetEfficiency ratios of Wal-Mart & Target are calculated by applying the following formulae.(a). Asset Turnover Ratio SalesAsset Turnover Ratio =Average Total AssetsAsset Turnover Ratio measures how efficiently a company uses its average total assets to generate sales. The figures show that Target has gone down in this number over the past four years from a high of 2.054 to 1.665. Sales for Target are not increasing as fast as the number of assets within the corporation. Wal-Mart has outperformed Target in this field as its minimum value was 2.601 in 2000 which is higher than the Targets highest value.(b). account Turnover RatioCoast of Goods Sold Inventory Turnover Ratio = Average InventoryInventory Turnover Ratio measures the number of times that

A discussion on Health Related Issues and Interventions for School Age Research Paper

A discussion on Health Related Issues and Interventions for School eld Children - Research Paper ExampleA number of health related issues arise at this age and their successful mitigation helps electric razorren develop normally into teen and adulthood. Without proper measure in place to address these health related issues, developmental problems may arise ranging from behavioural problems to physical and mental problems. This paper is release to look at a number of child health related problems such as puerility obesity and big(p) issues, bullying, accidents and injuries, social network and the media, child abuse and neglect and the various interventions that could be employed to either prevent or lessen the impacts of these issues on develop age children. Childhood obesity and overweight Last year, the Australia bureau of statistics reported the continued rise of childhood obesity over the last 40 years. The report indicated that the level of childhood obesity has change mag nitude substantially and is even projected to approach adult rates within 30 years. The report showed that 26.1% of children between the ages of 5-15 were overweight or obese in 2007-08. In 2009 the same was 26.5% making a 0.4% increase in one year (ABS, 2011). The report attributed this rise to sedentary pursuits which let in watching television and playing computing machine games. In 2005 the world health geological formation reported that 20 million children under 5 years were overweight. Latest statistics by the World health organization also indicate that 40 million children under the age of five years are overweight or suffer from obesity in 2010. These statistics are quite alarming making the issue a global concern (WHO, 2012). Scholars argue that overweight and obesity in childhood especially in old children can lead to serious and severe obesity and weight issues in adulthood. They also say that childhood and adolescent obesity poses a higher riskiness of premature dea th and disability later on in life (Kumanyika & Brownson, 2007, p. 51). Literature also suggests children who are obese or overweight normally assail several physical risks and are at a greater risk of social isolation. Such children also are at the risk of developing mental disorders than those who are in a healthy weight range (Vichuda L Mathews, 2011, pp. 4-6 Justin, 2005, p.84). Research also indicates other consequences of overweight and obesity and these include the development of continuing conditions such as chronic respiratory problems such as sleep apnoea and breathlessness chronic musculoskeletal problems such as lower back form and osteoarthritis gall bladder disease and impaired fertility and well as chronic cardiovascular problems (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh, & Merchant, 2005, p. 24). Scholars have proposed a number of strategies in which childhood obesity could be focusd. Such intervention measures have been in existence for quite some time now. Their application is case specific and some could pacify be applied to solve the problem generally. Telford et al. (2012, 371 )in their study found out that an appropriately designed and administered physical education program (PE) is capable of producing benefits for elementary school children by reducing the percentage increase of body fat but also led to significant enhancement of numeracy development. Other studies have also support the idea of physical education in helping in the primary prevention of overweight and obesity. Davis et al. (2012, p. 243) in their study propose school based initiatives that include physical activity and also provide opportunities for physical education and recess programs as very important in the prevention of obesity. It is argued that physical activity helps reduce adiposity in

E-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

E-Commerce - Essay Examplees between traditional markets and the international electronic marketplace-such as business capital size, among opposites-are slowly being narrowed down. The name of the game is strategic arrangement, the capability of an organization to establish emerging opportunities and make use of the required human capital skills (such as intellectual resources) to make the most of these opportunities through an e-business strategy that is straightforward, practical and realistic within the context of an international information environment and new economic situation. With its takings of leveling the playing field, e-commerce joined with the suitable strategy and policy approach allows small and medium scale organizations to compete with large and capital-rich businesses (Turban, 1994).Business to Consumer commerce applies to whatever business or organization that sells its products or services to consumers over the Internet for their use. In other words, it prese nts a direct sale between the supplier and in the individual consumer.B2C commerce produced much publicity when it first took off. The first conspicuous achievement arrived around 1995, where organizations like e-Bay.com and amazon.com were launched. When the victory of these companies took off, many other replications were born. On the other hand, the market turned sour and many of the B2C organizations crashed, including Australian company destore.com.au.Business-to-Business engages online transactions between businesses. Examples of B2B comprise online organizations that concentrate in marketing strategies, advertising, email companies, internet consultants, website discipline etc. Also, as a subsidiary of these organizations, there are a variety of internet resources such as online magazines, as well as the E-Commerce measureand BtoBOnline.com.Consumer-to-Consumer or Peer-to-Peer is exchanges between/among consumers. These exchanges can engage a third-party participation, whic h

The Disagreement on Human nature among the Greatest Philosophers Article

The Disagreement on Human nature among the Greatest Philosophers - Article ExamplePlato gave his illustration of the Cave explaining this habitual nature (Soccio 141). A man lives all his life in a cave, he considers his environment as the only reality as if nothing exists outside of it. On exposing him to the sunlight, this person thinks he is dreaming, that the fresh air, green grass, and the singing birds are hallucinations. The habitual nature of valet is Platos version. Aristotle and Kant, on the otherwise hand, focused more on how humans should behave the maxim behind every action. Aristotle gave two levels of human behavior the one where he only acts desire a man and the other where he acts as if there is a divine spirit within him, thus achieving a life high than stainless human nature (Aristotle 191). This is very different from Platos narrative because Kant implies that man by nature is evil or corrupt therefore he has to line up to the moral law in order to live a b etter life. He is not simply a product of its environment, he is inherently corrupt. It is sticky to pick one theory and reject the other. It will also be negating the introduction that there is no absolute truth or knowledge. In Kants theory, there is space for spirituality. There must be divine authority overseeing mans activities. Plato, on the other hand, is more supportive of nurture as opposed to nature. Kant considers human nature as a composition of feelings, one relation and cognition, and these aspects are governed by a priory prescribed by a higher cognitive power (Frierson 13) Descartes is also in agreement with Kant that there is a divine authority. And hence man has a defined nature. Ren Descartess held anti-elitist and egalitarian views on human nature (Lopston 24). It also implies that considering this premise one has to accept that humans have been created as part of a grand design.

Training And Development Strategy Essay Example for Free

teach And Development Strategy Essay1.0 Executive summary instruct involves has to do with behaviour modification which is implemented in a black-tie and reveallineatic manner. Organizational attainment and development unavoidably to be incorporated in average impairment. The aims and objectives of carrying give away subject field in this stemma argon to understate absenteeism and equip employees with skills etc. in that respect be various locomote that argon taken in employee education and development including formulation of pedagogy insurance policy.There are poor levels of supervisory skills in this store which gutter be improved by mentoring and coaching. learn existing and new module pass on help medium hurt store to score skilled manpower though it may be costly. Management develop should include both men and women with larger function being women. Management development of sellrs in this store will help to improve their skills. There are d ifferent models which have been customd including Kirkpatricks 4 level model. If training and development is well implemented in this store it will solve the existing problems and lead to winner.2.0 IntroductionTraining involves a behaviour modification which is normally carried out in a formal and systematic manner. It is as a result of planned experience, instruction and education. Training and development plays a big role in achievement of organisational goals. (Brooks, 1999) Most of these goals are normally long term in nature. Training is part of the strategic frame excogitate of organisations. It produces a comprehensive and coherent plan that helps in developing employees and different stakeh elderers in organisations.When a business incorporates training and development therein, it acquires a competitive advantage oer the other(a) businesses. This is because the intellectual capital in the business is majusculely developed. In fact employees in an organisation get an opp ortunity to improve their skills in their areas of specialization.This leads to spectacular impacts on the organisation as a whole. There is usually improved team performance when training and development strategies are incorporated in a business. (CIPD 2006) Research records that such training influences the performance of employees at personal levels. For pillow slip employees are in a position to carry out self evaluation of their performance and implement self corrections where necessary.2.1JustificationFare harm stores motivatings to incorporate organisational training and development strategy in its management system. This is because a goal evaluation at handsome outlay store shows that it requires training and development in many areas. For instance the previous store manager neer tried and true to implement company appraisal scheme in the organisation. (Cherrington, 1994) The employees that continue learn never see the benefit because the management was non ack nowledging it.The previous manager did not seek qualified personnel to carry out the responsibilities therein. This has led to underperformance in this organisation. (DTI 2006) Employees are minded(p) posts and responsibilities that they are not qualified for. The previous manager never considered Investing in People. In fact the supervisors in jolly Price store are not qualified at all. There is a lot of absenteeism in this supermarket. The supervisors therein are not concerned and they are not doing anything about it. The absenteeism is taken in form of sick leave.Even the till operators recoil that no bingle notices their presence. This shows that there have been poor tellings between management and employees in this supermarket. In fact even when they do not compensate to duty, no one notices. This has created a sense of irresponsibility in them. Research shows that when people are not appreciated, they never do their best. They do shoddy work. Employees in bazar Price st ore are really demoralised.How abide all the managers in an organisation be male exclusively? This is what is happening in Fair Price supermarket. (Fawson, T. 1999) There is no gender equality in the management. All the managers are male despite the fact that most of the employees in this supermarket are women. Women prepare seventy five percent of the two hundred employees in this supermarket. This means that most of the issues affecting the female staff are not adequately addressed. It is only the wearer of the shoe who knows where it pinches most. There is no way that the male managers lowlife adequately address feminine issues. (Burgoyne, J. 1997)They simply send awaynot understand because they are not female. Having considered all these factors, I strongly feel that implementing a training and development strategy in this supermarket will be in truth skilful both the staff and the organisation at large.2.2 Performance appraisal management systemPerformance appraisal is on e of the training ask in Fair Price store. This is whereby employees that are best performers are rewarded by the management.2.3 Succession planningThis need to be carried out in Fair Price store and it includes. (Brooks, 1999)There needs to be smooth transition from the old management to the new management in this store. This has not been practiced in Fair Price store.2.4 Mentoring and coachingFair Price store needs to instal in place mentoring and coaching mechanisms. (Brooks, 1999) Management in this organization needs to mentor employees and also to coach them on various leadership and job skills. This has not been practiced in this store.2.5 Personal developmentManagement in this store has to consider personal development of employees. This is where they are given training on their headmaster skills. (Brooks, 1999)This will benefit them. Fringe benefits given to employees help in promoting personal development. All these have not been implemented in Fair Price store.3.0 di rect and objectivesThe aim and objectives of carrying out training and development strategy in Fair Price store includeTo recruit new staff on be basis.To help eradicate or minimize absenteeism in Fair Price store.Ensure gender balance in management.Introduce an Information technology system for checkouts.Implement employee appraisal schemes.To improve leadership and professional skills of employeesTo enhance behaviour modification among employees4.0 Steps for employee training and developmentThe following steps will be taken in the training and development strategy in Fair Price store.Formulation of a training policyIdentification of training needs in Fair Price storeTraining plan developmentConducting of the training programTraining responsibilitiesTraining evaluation4.1 Formulation of training policyTraining policies normally give a guideline on degree of training that should be carried out in an organisation. They direct on the employees that need to be trained. In this stage there is allocation of profits to the training. This has to be do annually. Aims of training are clearly adjudicated at this stage. (CIPD 2007)All these training has to be disseminated to the employees and the entire staff in Fair Price store. This will help them to understand that the management is interested in their welfare. This is in relation to career development. Training the employees in Fair price store will greatly influence in goal achievement. In fact the employees personal skills will be sharpened and this is very beneficial to Fair Price supermarket in general.The training in Fair Price store depose be carried out in two ways. wholeness of them is where it is point to actions. The other way relates to performance of the employees. This includes meeting targets. Performance training has to do with competence of employees. (Phillips, J. 1996)This means that they are trained to be more competent in their various responsibilities. When the training is action oriented , the employees in Fair Price are trained to make things happen. For instance they female genitalia be trained in customer care skills that will influence many customers to visit and purchase from the store.4.2 Identification of training needs in Fair Price storeWhen implementing training and development strategy, it is very important to identify the training needs in the organisation. Fair Price store has to identify its various training needs. This will help in realizing what the employees in this store know and what they can do. (CIPD 2007) It will also help in identifying what they need to know such that services in Fair Price store are improved. This is in relation to the goals in Fair Price store. For instance one of the goals is to ensure customer satisfaction in their service provision.The training needs in Fair Price store have to be analyzed at a corporate level. After that the analysis has to be make at the departments in this store. This includes customer care, financ e and sales departments. (CIPD 2007) Later on they need to be analyzed at team levels then finally at individual level. There are various tools that can be used when carrying out this analysis. This includes administering questionnaires to the employees.This is because employees normally have first hand information concerning what they know and what they need to know. Focus group discussion between management and employees can be used in this store in identifying the training needs. This will really work for this store. (CIPD 2007) These discussions should also be done between the management and the departmental heads. This information will really be beneficial to Fair Price store when carrying out their long term and short term goals on training.4.3 Training plan developmentMuch thought has to be done when developing a training plan. This is in relation to the outcomes of learning program. Fair Price store management has to be keen in examining any changes in behaviour of employees after training is done. Now after identifying training needs then the training program content has to be put in place. After identifying the training objectives, an analysis needs to be done such that this stores management knows exactly what to do. . (CIPD 2006) All these things have to be put in place so that Fair Price stores objectives are met. The content will greatly determine how long the training will take place. The length of the training will be influenced by modes of delivering information. For instance lectures may need long time to accomplish all that is required unlike the use of handouts.Training can also be done by the managers by carrying out on job training of the employees in Fair Price store. They can do this by coaching the staff at low levels in Fair Price store. These employees just learn how to do their job under the managers guidance. They just learn naturally as they interact with other employees and managers. (CIPD 2007) This is done on a day to day basis . Supervisors and also other ripened employees in Fair Price store should go for training which can be done externally and not necessarily internally. They can make good use of consultants who provide these services at a fee. Through this the senior employees will gain skills in leadership and technical areas which they are lacking.4.4 Conducting the training programIn this stage there is monitoring of the courses that were identified during when analysis of training needs was being done. (Parry, S. 1996)This helps in ensuring that all the activities carried out in the training are within the budgets of Fair Price store. Management in this fair Price store should evaluate the training and know whether it is effective or not.4.5 Training responsibilitiesTraining in Fair Price store should not be carried out on an ad-hoc basis. This is because training will help this store to achieve its corporate goals. This human choice department in Fair Price store should be concerned with all t he training and development needs therein. This should not just be done by the human resource department in general but a unit in this department will be more efficient. This unit will carry out coordination of every activity that is cerebrate to training and development. This unit will be amenable for evaluating both internal and the external people responsible in facilitating the training. It will also be responsible for planning the training and development activities in Fair Price store. Managers in this store should come to familiarity that it is their responsibility to oversee all the training activities.4.6 Training evaluationThis is very important since it will help to assess how effective the program is. This helps to know whether the objectives set at the planning stage were met or not. (Easterby, 1997) For instance the performance of the employees can be greatly monitored to see whether it has improved or not. In case the objectives are not met then necessary adjustmen ts have to be put in place.These adjustments will help in improving the training so that it is more effective. For instance managers in Fair Price store should evaluate whether the employees skills have improved after the training or not. (Parry, S. 1996)Behaviour change in staff should be evaluated concerning absenteeism from work. This stage is should be done thoroughly and stakeholders should be given an opportunity to give the reasons why the objectives were not achieved and factors that contributed. Evaluation should be carried out to whether employees supervisory skills have been improved.Evaluation can be carried out in four levels. They include the following4.6.1 First levelIn the first level, there is the measurement of the reaction of the people who participated in the training. They include employees and external trainers. In this stage the degree of satisfaction of participants is evaluated whether it was poor, fair or excellent. (Parry, S. 1996) In this case employees i n Fair Price store can be interviewed by the managers or they have an open forum. Through this managers can know whether the training was effectively carried out or not.4.6.2 Second levelThe evaluation is carried out in relation to achievement of objectives. This is to know whether the objectives were attained or not. (Alliger, G. 1989) The objectives in this case were to reduce absenteeism, to ensure behaviour modification in employees and to ensure that employees skills are improved. This can be evaluated whether they have been achieved or not.4.6.3 Third levelIn this level the degree of behaviour change is evaluated. This is to know whether the employees behaviour has improved or not. Mangers in Fair Price store can evaluate behaviour change in the employees by observing their behaviours when at work. (Alliger, 1989) This can be noted refine and those that have improved should be acknowledged by the managers. Those that have not improved in their behaviour can be asked the reaso ns why and necessary steps taken.4.6.4 Fourth levelThe results of the training are evaluated at this level. The costs of the training are evaluated against the benefits achieved. Managers in Fair Price store should evaluate the results of the training needs. (Alliger, 1989) This can help them to know whether it was worth the initiative or not. The costs that Fair Price as a store incurred should be calculated against the benefits that the store would have achieved. This needs good use of records concerning the expenses that were incurred by the organization in carrying out the entire training.5.0 faultfinding evaluation of options to tackle poor level of supervisory skillsThere are various ways of dealing with poor supervisory skills in Fair Price store. Now having a closer look at the supervisors shows that they are not qualified for the job they are doing. (Parry, 1996)They do not have leadership skills at all and this is clearly seen in the way that they deal with absenteeism. O ne of the ways of dealing with this is carrying out retrenchment of these under qualified staff.While this will help eliminate untrained staff, it may create a very poor relationship between managers and some employees. Though it is worth it since the stores structure has to be reorganised. Carrying out organisation al learning for these supervisors can be very expensive for the store. In fact some of them may not understand due to lack of basic knowledge. Instead of retrenching them, they can be demoted to responsibilities that do not require skills like sanitation duties and packing the goods. new staff can be recruited on merit basis to do supervisory work in this store.Mentoring and coaching can be carried out by the managers in this organization. This should be carried out especially in relation to supervisors in this store. This can be done by the managers in this store showing the right examples to the supervisors. Managers can also have coaching sessions with supervisors an d this will help improve supervisory skills though its time consuming.6.0 Women only management trainingIt would not be appropriate to carry out women only management training in Fair Price store in the name of levelling the playing field. (Kaufman, R. 1996)This still would not be gender sensitive. It will still be biased. Rather management training should be carried out for both male and female employees.Women should constitute two thirds of those attending the management training while then men should be a third. This is in relation to the gender ratios of the staff in Fair Price store. This will help in addressing feminine issues affecting the female employees. On the other hand if all the managers are women, the management in this store will not be stable. The male employees will never be comfortable with this.7.0 Critical evaluation of option of training existing and new staffOn opening of the new mega store there will be the option of recruiting one hundred and fifty extra sta ff in various areas of the store. This is a positive venture though it has got its own challenges. Having a large number of employees to manage means having more problems to solve. Management development courses will be beneficial to managers at this stage. One of the challenges that are posed by this venture is in the pecuniary sector. (McNamara, C. 2001)This is because the recruitment process can be very expensive. This is because there are costs that are incurred in advertising vacancies. The entire recruitment process can be quite tedious. There are also other financial implications like paying the salaries of one hundred and fifty extra people.The new employees will have to be recruited on merit basis unlike what initially happened in Fair price store under the previous store manager. Training of existing and new employees can be done with the help of field initiatives which were introduced by the government. The government helps in provision of resource materials in staff tr aining.These resource materials include books in various professions that help the employees in the training. (Hoberman, S. and Mailick, S. 1992) The government plays a big role in identifying modules that assist organisations such as Fair Price store to carry out training of employees. Fair price store can really benefit from government initiatives where it will be assisted to unify up with qualified personnel that can be employed in the new store.This store will greatly benefit by receiving awards and scholarships through the National initiatives introduced by the government. The government offers scholarships and training opportunities that are quite collaborative in nature. Fair Price store can also gain through query that is carried out by the government. It will get a concrete base of knowledge from National Initiatives introduced by the government.8.0 Management Development effectivenessIn management development managers skills are improved. This is usually very beneficial to the organisation and even to the managers. It gives managers knowledge on how to deal with various issues in the organisation. This always plays a great role in the success of the organisation. (Gupta, K. 1999) In this case managers are given the chance to broaden their reasoning in the business sector while at the same time continuing with their management responsibilities in the organisation. They learn more on new methodologies of handling human as a resource. It helps managers to gain knowledge in managing themselves first. Knowledge is also gained that helps them to manage employees in the organisation. Leadership skills of managers are greatly sharpened by management development. This will be effective for Fair Price store managers basing on the following evaluation models.8.1 Flashlight Triad ModelThis model involves use of technology in accomplishment of various tasks. The technology should enable accomplishment of a specific activity. (Alliger, G. 1997) Management develo pment will help managers incorporate appropriate technology in management areas like information technology.8.2 Connoisseurship EvaluationAn expert in the study field estimates how worth the new innovation is. (Alliger, G. 1997) The threats that exist are clearly shown. Managers will be helped to use this model in their organisation.8.3 Adversary EvaluationIn this model there is a critical look at both sides of the innovation. This includes both the negative and the positive. (Alliger, G. 1997)This is to show whether the innovation is beneficial or not.8.4 Kirkpatricks 4-level modelIn this model, the managers are helped to evaluate the reaction of employees on training and learning. (Alliger, G. 1997)Changes in behaviour are also noted in evaluation of the training by the managers.9.0 ConclusionIt is important for every business organisation to incorporate a training and development strategy. This helps in modifying employees behaviours. Organisational goals are easily achieved when training and development is well implemented. There are various steps in employee training and development. All these steps are important and should be carried out by business organisations. Evaluation will help in knowing whether the set objectives were achieved or not.10.0 RecommendationFair Price store has to include training and development strategy in its management. This will help in solving problems that exist in this store such as unskilled personnel, lack of appraisal scheme. This will help in motivating employees and will minimise absenteeism problems. Above all it will lead to the overall success of Fair Price store to the benefit of the stakeholders therein.11.0 ReferencesAlliger, G. (1997) A meta-analysis of the relationship among training criteria. force-out Psychology, 50, 341-358Alliger, G. (1989) Kirkpatricks levels of training criteria Thirty years later. Personnel Psychology, 42, 331-342Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2006) Training and develop ment strategy New York SageChartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Creating a Training and Development Strategy New York SageBeard, C. and Wilson, J. (2002) The power of experiential learning A handbook for trainers and educators. London KoganBrooks, H. (1999) Workshops Designing and facilitating experiential learning Thousand Oaks, CA SageBurgoyne, J. (1997) Management learning Integrating perspectives in theory and practice London SageCherrington, R. (1994) Pinning down experiential learning. Studies in the education of adults, 26(1)Easterby, S. (1997) Research traditions in management learning Management learning Integrating perspectives in theory and practice. London Sage pp. 38-53DTI (2006) National Training and development Strategy New York Macmillan PressFawson, T. (1999) A study of executive education programs at ATT Measuring learning and performance. Alexandria, VA American Society for Training and Development.Gupta, K. (1999) A Practical Guide to Needs Ass essment San Francisco Jossey-Bass/PfeifferHoberman, S. and Mailick, S. (1992) experiential management development From learning to practice New York Quorum BooksKaufman, R. (1996) What works and what doesnt Evaluation beyond Kirkpatrick. Performance and Instruction, 35(2), 8-12McNamara, C. (2001) Employee Training and Development Reasons andBenefits New York Macmillan PressParry, S. (1996) Measuring trainings ROI. Training Development 49(2), pp. 72-78Phillips, J. (1996) ROI The search for best practices. Training Development 50(5), pp. 42-48

American Nurses Association Essay Example for Free

American Nurses Association Essay

Characterising the Atmosphere of Proxima B

Characterising the Atmosphere of Proxima B1.IntroAs of April 2016, 582 extrasolar orbiters have been discovered (NASA) using Doppler spectroscopy, a method for detecting extrasolar planets by deducing their radial velocity from the Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the planets parent star. Using this method, Anglada-Escude et al (2016) recent observations have revealed a 1.3 Earth mass planet orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri.Although Earth-like planets arent uncommon, the recent discovery of Proxima b is particularly exciting as at a distance of 1.3 parsecs it is our closest potentially habitable star. Where preceding studies were stunted by the distance of the host star to the Earth, Proxima b may in spite of appearance reach of Earth and space based telescopes giving us the cleverness to better judge its characteristics.While Proxima b is in the goldilocks zone, meaning it has potential to have water and peradventure even life, it is subject to intense radioactivity an d solar wind. The habitability of Proxima Centauri b and Prospects for characterising the nimbus of Proxima Centauri b question whether Proxima has an glory, with the primary focalization being whether Proxima b stool maintain liquid water on its mount. The creator does this by estimating the current high-energy irradiance of the planet and show that the orbit is likely to be in either a synchronous or 32 spin-orbit rapport. The latter article considers measuring the variation in thermal emission with orbital phase as a method for characterizing Proxima bs atmosphere. 2. The habitability of Proxima Centauri b2.1 SummaryIn this publisher the authors shape through a result of occurrenceors that could affect the potential habitability of Proxima b. While noting there is a surplus of Earth like planets (Kepler), the authors need question whether Proxima lies within the Habitable Zone, where a stellar flux is low enough to maintain surface water provided high enough to maint ain the planetary surface as defined by Kasting et al. Due to a stellar input of 65% than of the Earth Proxima b lies within these limits.High Energy IrradiationHigh-energy emissions including X-rays through to far-UV (FUV) and member winds are known to influence atmospheres of rocky planets. A particular issue when estimating the XUV fluxes is that Proxima is a flare star (haish et 1983) meaning its HE emissions green goddess vary significantly. The work in the news report was reinforced from X-ray emission observations via ROSAT and XMM that report log LX = 272 erg s1 g and LX =274 erg s1 respectively (Haish 1999). To generalise the overall dose on the planetary atmosphere, the authors consider the average XUV luminosity over an extended clipscale period accounting for flare variation. Using XMM-Newton observations, the strongest flare has an energy of about 21031 erg. CN Leo has a similar X-Ray luminosity and thus can be used to model flare distribution for Proxima. Audard e l state a power law with the form N( E) = 37 _ 1037E12, where N is the number of flares per day, and E is the total (integ stepd) flare energy in erg . This shows CN Leo has flares with energies greater than about 2 _ 1031 erg over a timescale of 1 day.This is found to be in agreement with the XMM-data set, consolidating this is a legitimate representative of the daily flux. Thus giving ( betwixt 0.65 and 3.8nm) a time integrated average flux of 87 ergss_1cm-2 . To account for more than energetic flares a calculated extra 22 ergs s-1 cm-2 is added, totalling at 109 erg s-1cm-2 . Flux estimates (including flare contribution) were calculated over a strand of wavelengths, as listed belowROSAT observations for the 3.8nm to 10nm range produced an X-Ray dose of 163 erg s1 cm2EUVE spectrum for the extreme UV 10nm to 40nm range produced a flux economic value of 111 ergs1cm2FUSE observations for the far UV 92-118nm range produced a flux value of 20 egsHST/STIS for the 118-170nm range pr oduced a flux value of 130 ergsTherefore between 0.6 and 118nm, the total integrated flux today that is a fair representative of HE radiation on the atmosphere of Proxima b is of 307ergs1. For comparison purposes, the XUV flux at Earth is calculated to be 5.1 ergs, showing Proxima b to receive 60 times more XUV flux. This data is illustrated in fig.-Probability of capture The authors remark on the myopic parameterizations of previous work on tidal dissipation of rocky planets (Darwin 1880, love 1909, goldreich 1963), their primary issue being models would always predict an equilibrium rotation rate where tidal torque would vanish. The authors use the Andrade model as tailored by Efromsky 2012 and Eq 10 of Marakov 2012. The Andrade time was set to be equal to the Maxwell time of tm=500yr for simplicity. The results for 32 resonance capture probability are shown in fig.Curve a) indicates where tidal torque at the lower boundary of the fortuity is negative and greater than the maximu m restoring torque. b) indicates tidal torque at the lower boundary of the separatrix is positive and (c) indicates where maximal tidal torque inside the resonance is greater than the maximum triaxial torque. Regions above (c) and/or (b) (white regions) leads to certain capture collect to tidal torque, whereas below (c) and (a) (black region) capture is impossible as triaxial torque is too weak.The tax write-off for climate would be that liquid water is possible depending on the rotation. If the planets orbital eccentricity is 0.06 it is likely Proxima will have a tropical belt.-water lossIt is undeniable how estimates of volatilisable loss are poorly constrained, due to the lack of key data e.g. evolution of atmospheric composition, stellar wind properties, photochemistry of the upper atmosphere etc. The authors record a moment to discuss an alternative approach for determining Proxima bs vapourific loss Comparing Earths early development with Proxima bs. By considering how E arth built by a multitude of moon size protoplanets across 10Myr, the authors argue the XUV irradiation and stellar wind experience on proto-Earth is comparable to that of Proxima b. lamer et al modelled volatile losses of early Earth showing significant loss caused by hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen and strong stellar wind exposure. Due to the fact the runaway phase of Proxima is only longer than the Earths by a small factor 12 um.Finally, to determine how tightly the reflective power and heat redistribution can be constrained, an MCMC fit was trailed on the simulated LRS spectrum from Fig 2 using the emcee package (Foreman-Mackey et al) The fit was run with redistribution, F, and albedo, A, as free parameters, from the fit one can measure F=0.07 and albedo A=0.13 to be well constrained.The authors conclude that a MIRI phase curve is sufficient means to determine the existence of an atmosphere on Proxima b. A then turn their attention to the feasibility of detecting an ozone absor ption feature from Proxima b at 10um. Key motivation being this is a prominent feature of Earths IR emission spectrum and acts a potential evidence of present life. Bond albedo was set to A=0.3 to match Earths and an isothermal temperature locating is assumed. Using a modelling calculated by Rugheimer, that assumes an Earth-like atmospheric composition irradiated by a GJ 1214b-like star, it is noted that the ozone feature does not vary with planet orbital phase but is detectable from a very high signal-to-noise spectrum. The predicted feature amplitude was less than 1ppm. To illustrate how much observation time would be required to detect said feature, fig shows a simulated spectrum co-added from 60 days. The absorption feature at 9.8um corresponds to an ozone band and the dip at 8 is due to methane.3.2 Implication/ImportanceA major concern would be that detecting modulations with JWST would be extremely challenging due to Proxima Centauri s stellar variability and flares. To estim ate how feasible it would be to detect Proxima bs thermal emission, the JWST Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) was used to estimate signal-to-noise ratios for MIRI observations of Proxima Cen. Using a model spectrum, the ETC produced the expected count rate, which likewise correlated with the S/N predictions from Cowan et al. Although it feeds back good results, the paper highlights the need to test the precision of the MIRI detector.A general issue with this paper is calculations are but based on possible observations with the James Webb Space Telescope, as opposed to actual recorded data. Realistically, conclusions drawn about phase variation for Proxima arent definitive, though the paper shows potential of the MIRI could do and show. Other recent paper including .., have a general agreement that the JWST could be used to infer exoplanets rotation periods and dissipation rates. In theory, measurement using the MIRI (which covers the wavelength range of 5 to 28 microns) at different wavelengths could be used to find atmospheric signatures, constrain the radius, the albedo and the inclination of Proxima b, as well as its rotation. This paper consolidates this idea.3.3 AssessmentIn the introduction many issues that could affect Proxima bs atmosphere are mentioned, for example Proxima bs evolutionary history, but these topics werent covered in the body of the article. The introduction also states three methods available to characterize the planets atmosphere. The last (measure variation in thermal emission with orbital phase) is the focus of this paper, heretofore the first two (directly image the planet, measure variations in reflected starlight with orbital phase) were perhaps unreasonably undiscussed.The quality of the results is difficult to assess, on the one hand an teemingness of assumptions were used, to the extent that all of Section Five of this paper lists assumptions about the planetary system used in the their analysis. In many cases decisions were poorly explained. For example an albedo of 0.1 is used in the climate model while commenting Proxima bs atmosphere would likely have a higher albedo (perhaps 0. Like Earths), however dont they set forth on why they settled with 0.1. On the other hand many of the assumptions were heavily based on previous work by a mix of researchers. The need for atmosphere case with moderate distribution F=0.35 was driven by a plethora of research ((e.g., Joshi et al. 1997 Merlis Schneider 2010 Heng et al. 2011a, 2011b Pierrehumbert 2011 Selsis et al. 2011 Leconte et al. 2013 Yang et al. 2013, 2014 Koll Abbot 2015, 2016 Turbet et al. 2016).) which have shown how the presence of an atmosphere can reduce the amplitude of IR phase variation by a factor two or more. This do decisions feel more reliable and justified.Yet, without having read referenced work, certain aspects were hard to follow. Some of their most significant work on simulated spectrum is noted to be built upon the work of selsis et al, however there is no indication of what work Sel actually conducted. The paper in general couldve done with a more substantial amount of explanation for this made for a frustrating read.4. ComparisonIn terms of writing style,It is apparent anglada had done a more extensive amount of research,Work is important as it highlight the value of using a combination of space and ground telescopes andIn terms of research, both papers take a focus on the effects of different eccentricities on a tidally locked planet and its atmosphere. K considered this when creating a climate model and simulated a measurement of the thermal phase variation whereas anglada deduced it is likely Proxima is in a 32 rotation and considered the implication of the HE radiation Proxima b would receive.Generally, the authors draw the same conclusion, that Proxima b could have an atmosphere, perhaps capable of supporting life. In the case of no heat redistribution or having synchronous rotation, Proxima b having an atmosphere is improbable. In the case or heat redistribution or asynchronous rotation, one could infer that an atmosphere or ocean is present. Theres a consensus that defining planet habitability is not straightforward, there are vast limitations on calculations that can be done and any modelling is not strongly representative of Proxima bs characteristics.Both papers also make use of modelling Earths erstwhile(prenominal) and current state as a forecast for Proxima bs development. Using the Earths past to give us more information to further determine Proxima bs atmosphere and potential habitability was fairly clever and intuitive concept. Future work, perhaps after the launch of the JWST, could consider this concept in more detail for a more well-rounded understanding of Proxima bs characteristics.In conclusion, both papers were particularly insightful, encourage future missions similar to Kepler, and will hopefully drive new research.