Hildegard of Bingen

Hildegard of Bingen date of birth is unsure; it was presumed that she may have been was conceived in 1098 at Bermersheim bei Alzey (Bockelheim, Germany) in the bishopric of Mainz. She was brought up in a group of free respectable; her folks were Hildebert and Mechtilide who originated from a Germany training. Hildegard was brought into the world the tenth kid (an offering) to a respectable family. As was standard with the tenth youngster, whom the family couldn't rely on taking care of, she was devoted during childbirth to the congregation to serve the congregation, to be a medieval prophet, a healer, a craftsman and a writer. Hildegard clarifies that from a youthful age she had encountered dreams. At eight years old Hildegard was sent to a community and was raised and instructed at Disibodenberg. A few researchers conjecture that in light of her dreams, she was put being taken care of by Jutta, the little girl of Count Stephan II of Sponheim. Hildegard says that she previously observed â€Å"The Shade of the Living Light† at three years old and by the age five she started to comprehend that she was encountering dreams. In Hildegard’s youth, she alluded to her visionary blessing as her viso. She clarified that she saw everything in the light of God through the five detects: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and contact. Hildegard was reluctant to share her dreams, trusting just to Jutta, who thus disclosed to Volmar Hildegard's guide and, later, secretary. During the twenty four years when Jutta and Hildegard were in the religious community together, there is no put down account of what occurred during these occasions. It is conceivable that Hildegard could have been a chantress and a specialist in the herbarium. Hildegard additionally discloses to us that Jutta instructed her to peruse and compose, yet that she was unlearned and subsequently unequipped for educating Hildegard Biblical understanding. Hildegard and Jutta undoubtedly supplicated, contemplated, read sacred writings, for example, the Psalter, and did a type of handwork during the hours of the Divine Office. This likewise may have been when Hildegard figured out how to play the ten-stringed psaltery. Volmar, a continuous guest, may have instructed Hildegard basic song documentation. The time she considered music could likewise have been the beginnings of the sytheses she would later make. Enlightenments of Hildegard of Bingen †Sante Fe: Bear and Company, 1985) Upon Jutta's passing in 1136, Hildegard was collectively chosen as â€Å"magistra† of her sister network by her kindred nuns. Abbot Kuno, the Abbot of Disibodenberg, likewise asked Hildegard to be Prioress. Hildegard, in any case, needed more autonomy for herself and her nuns and asked Abbot Kuno to permit them to move to Rupertsberg. At the point when the abbot declined Hildegard's recommendation, Hildegard passed him by and got the endorsement of Archbishop Henry I of Mainz. Abbot Kuno didn't yield, notwithstanding, until Hildegard was blasted by a disease that kept her deadened and incapable to move from her bed, an occasion that she credited to God's misery at her not following his requests to move her nuns to Rupertsberg. It was just when the Abbot himself couldn't move Hildegard that he chose to concede the nuns their own religious community. Hildegard and around twenty nuns in this way moved to the St. Rupertsberg religious community in 1150, where Volmar filled in as executive, just as Hildegard's questioner and recorder. In 1165 Hildegard established a second religious community for her nuns at Eibingen. (Enlightenments of Hildegard of Bingen †Sante Fe: Bear and Company, 1985) Hildegard didn't show the dreams until when she was in her mid forties. The congregation didn't permit ladies to sing; in any case, ladies were allowed to form music for communities. Hildegard of Bingen was one such lady who composed holy music for ensembles in cloisters. In addition to the fact that Hildegard composed music for chapel ensembles, yet she likewise composed bits of music that could be performed outside of the congregation, also called common music. She started to have the representative and educational dreams for which she got well known. From the outset she didn't record any of her dreams yet then when she fell gravely sick she accused the way that she was not uncovering her dreams. In the wake of talking with the Pope and St Bernard of Clairvaux she started to record her dreams, in the Scivas. Diocese supervisor Heinrich persuaded Hildegard to share her dreams and trusted them to be a blessing from God. Pope Eugenis III sent a commission to research Hildegard’s vision and get a duplicate of her compositions. Pope Eugenis III read Hildegard’s dreams before the assembly that all trusted them to be valid. The Pope sent Hildegard a letter of endorsement, approving her to keep deciphering her dreams. The aftereffect of this was to sanction Hildegard’s visionary blessing. Hildegard was confined to strict life as well as she was additionally an abbess, spiritualist, artist, artist and researcher. (German Mysticism-Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993) She had an extremely hard and gainful life. She become very notable and composed numerous melodies and books, a large number of which are still understood today. She made an enormous commitment to society at her time conquering whatever issues confronted her. Hildegard utilized an enormous assortment of stories, representations, images, visionary symbolism and non-verbal intends to make her work connect with numerous who are absolutely hard of hearing to progressively standard methodologies. She felt that everybody merited the option to find out about her work, particularly the dreams she was getting from God, despite the fact that they may have physical or mental weaknesses. For an incredible duration, she kept on having numerous dreams, and in 1141, at 42 years old, Hildegard got a dream she accepted to be a guidance from God, to â€Å"write down what you see and hear. † Still reluctant to record her dreams, Hildegard turned out to be genuinely sick. The outlines recorded in the book of Scivias were dreams that Hildegard experienced, causing her incredible anguish and tribulations. In her first religious content, â€Å"Know the Ways†. (The letters of Hildegard of Bingen †Oxford University Press, 1994) Hildegard depicts her battle inside. Yet, I, however I saw and heard these things, would not compose for quite a while through uncertainty and terrible sentiment and the assorted variety of human words, not with hardheadedness yet in the activity of lowliness, until, disappeared by the scourge of God, I fell upon a bed of affliction; at that point, constrained finally by numerous ailments, and by the observer of a specific honorable lady of good direct the cloister adherent Richardis von Stade and of that man whom I had covertly looked for and found, as referenced above, I set my hand to the composition. While I was doing it, I detected, as I referenced previously, the profound significance of scriptural composition; and, raising myself from sickness by the quality I got, I concluded this work however scarcely in ten years. (Hildegard von Bingen, Mystical Visions) And I talked and composed these things not by the development of my heart or that of some other individual, however as by the mystery secrets of God I heard and got them in the superb spots. Furthermore, again I heard a voice from Heaven saying to me, ‘Cry out consequently, and compose along these lines Hildegard's clear depiction of the physical sensations which went with her dreams has driven nervous system specialist (and well known creator) Oliver Sacks to conjecture that they were manifestations of headache, specifically as a result of her portrayal of light. Sacks contend that the enlightenments that show up in Hildegard's original copies affirm that Hildegard experienced negative scotoma. (Hildegard von Bingen-Mystical Visions) Subsequent to taking up her job as Superior of the network of nuns, Hildegard became persuaded she should no longer stay quiet about what she encountered in the Living Light. She heard a voice that tended to her: â€Å"0 fragile human framed from the residue of the earth, cinders from remains, shout out and declare the start of immaculate salvation! Let the individuals who see the internal importance of Scripture, yet don't wish to broadcast or lecture it, take guidance, for they are tepid and sluggish†¦. In this way spill out a wellspring of bounty, over-stream with strange learning, so the individuals who need you to be contemptible by virtue of Eve's offense might be overpowered by the surge of your abundance. † (Hildegard von Bingen-Mystical Visions) Matthew Fox, the originator of creation otherworldliness, while he inspected her compositions and investigated a portion of her lessons through a progression of contemplations. He depicted her just like a solid, ladylike figure, adored by the New Age, who are pulled in by her religious philosophy, with its accentuation on the amicability of the made world and its connection to God. At about a similar time musicologists and antiquarians of science and religion started to consider her and the previous ten years have seen a multiplication of books and scholastic examinations on her life and work. There are movies and recordings about her, social orders, colloquia and gatherings in her name. She is additionally paid attention to as a performer, and the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians gives her almost six pages.

The role of developing banks in Hungary during the beginning of transition

The job of creating banks in Hungary during the start of change Presentation Hungary was a brought together economy during and before early the 1980’s. The economy was profoundly constrained by the administration including divisions inside the economy. The Hungarian financial division was heavily influenced by the administration with no private banks in activity during this time.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The job of creating banks in Hungary during the start of change explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The nation was working under a mono-bank. The bank was later separated dependent on specialization with presentation a two-level financial framework. This prompted the foundation of three banks that were claimed by the state. In 1987, Hungary started the progress procedure of changing over its economy from being incorporated to become advertise situated economy.[1] This change prompted the changing of Hungarian financial area from concentrated financial framework to a market-arranged framework through privatization. Making an open serious market for outside banks to contribute was one of the administration jobs in creating banks in Hungary. During this season of progress, the economy of Hungary was performing inadequately and was about crumbling. The state-possessed banks during the start of change were confronted with the issue of non-performing obligations, awful account holders, just as terrible ventures. The money related part, which profoundly fuses banking, had accordingly an incredible task to carry out in this change procedure. In the late 1980s, Hungary was looked inside the issue of terrible obligations, gigantic under-capitalization just as high concentration.[2] The principle reason of creating banks in Hungary through utilization of market-arranged framework was to set up a steady financial framework. The administration needed to take care of the current issues in the financial framework before presenting new changes. This paper examines the way toward combi ning state-possessed banks and afterward privatizing them. The paper additionally investigates the job of creating banks in Hungary during the start of progress. The change of banking to another framework In the late 1940s, the Hungarian financial framework was built up with development of the national bank known as National Bank of Hungary (NBH). NBH was set up as an imposing business model. It was the main bank managing cash course and credit exercises inside Hungarian economy. The administration further settled a concentrated financial framework with the presentation of particular banks. For instance, the NBH just managed assigning credit to endeavors, the National Savings Bank (NSB) just managed colleting stores from savers, and Hungarian Foreign Trade Bank was just engaged with outside exchange exchanges. Every one of these banks were claimed by the express that made them restraining infrastructures in their particular territories of specialization.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the late 1980s, the Hungarian economy was performing inadequately. The administration started the procedure of change from utilization of unified economy to presentation advertise arranged economy.[3] The market-situated economy implied that remote financial specialists would put resources into Hungary. This made the administration grant some outside banks to put resources into Hungary. During this time, these outside banks confronted rivalry from the state possessed banks in remote trade and exchange transactions.[4] The financial framework turned out to be progressively decentralized with presentation of the two-level financial framework. This framework prompted NBH turning into the national bank while its business capacities were designated to three new ad banks, which were presented in the nation. The administration went further to permitting presentation o f new particular banks, which had slender capacities. These changes incredibly impacted the post-communist government to make route for additional changes in the financial area. In mid 1990s, the new vote based government shaped new changes for the banks. The banks were relied upon to meet a specific level of capital ampleness proportions. Banks were likewise expected to give saves against their awful advances. This issue on terrible credits made the banks to endure enormous misfortunes. This is on the grounds that few significant banks had tremendous negative value level of advances that were viewed as dubious advances. These banks endured colossal misfortunes, as the current bookkeeping laws as of now didn't require arrangement for dicey advances. These auxiliary change activities prompted a noteworthy drop of the country’s GDP. This drop in GDP prompted substantial misfortunes among state-claimed undertakings, which made them unfit to support their obligations to banks. Wi th these misfortunes, the administration needed to determine the issue on awful obligations. This prompted the guidance of credit combination program in 1993. This program empowered banks to trade their terrible obligations for government bonds called combination bonds. These bonds had a coupon equivalent to 90-day treasury bills.[5] Although this program expelled awful obligations from banks, it didn't make new capital in the financial division. The administration at that point went further to recapitalizing its state-claimed banks to achieve the base prerequisite of 8 percent. In the mid 1990s, there was a noteworthy advancement in building up a market-arranged financial framework. The administration despite everything disheartened remote saves money with its inclination of keeping a brilliant portion of the endeavor. To accomplish progress in the financial area the legislature began dealings with remote banks in offering them adaptable terms and states of bank privatization.Adver tising We will compose a custom exposition test on The job of creating banks in Hungary during the start of change explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Privatization of huge state-claimed banks included two significant stages. The first phase of privatization occurred in quite a while with squares of offers being offered to various remote speculators at various occasions. This was a huge advance for outside speculators whose underlying expense and danger of ventures was decreased deliberately. In spite of the fact that the administration offered square of offers to the remote speculators it despite everything held 20-to-25 percent responsibility for banks. The administration rather permitted the outside accomplices to take full control on the board of these banks.[6] In the second phase of privatization, the legislature haggled with remote speculators. The legislature came into contract with remote speculators on terms of privatization. These agreements permitted e nsuing value changes in the price tag, as per benefits to be made by the bank in future. The agreement additionally given to acquisitions of offer from the administration or some other non-private accomplices. This technique for liberal privatization confronted analysis politically regardless of whether others upheld the thought as it implied a solid proficient financial segment establishment. The job of obligation leeway In creating banks in Hungary, the administration needed to manage the issue of awful obligations, which had even prompted breakdown of numerous organizations. This had contributed extraordinarily to the poor economy and high paces of joblessness. In attempting to beat this issue on obligations, the administration needed to take into consideration section of remote banks into Hungary. The administration needed to rebuild the financial framework by creating banks to manage issue on obligations as some state-possessed banks had even lost their capital. The legislature needed to manage the issue of obligations and account holders in the financial framework through bank solidification. The administration needed to create manages an account with no terrible advances to clear path for privatization and stay away from the issue of awful obligations once more. In the underlying phases of bank combination, the administration needed to do portfolio cleaning. Here the administration gave bonds in return for terrible obligations to those manages an account with a capital ampleness proportion (CAR) of under 7percent. The administration at that point sold a piece of the non-performing advances purchased as bonds at a markdown to the Hungarian Development Bank (HDB). Despite the fact that the administration left the other piece of terrible advances with the banks it gave them an expense of 2 percent to energize them turn out to be awful loans.[7]Advertising Searching for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This proportion of government trading awful obligations with bonds tackled the issue on obligations incompletely. This is on the grounds that the administration did exclude neither dicey nor unsatisfactory advances. The legislature likewise neglected to take care of the issue of banks’ awful speculations and unexpected liabilities. In 1993, the awful obligations were all the while expanding and the legislature needed to do recapitalization yet this time including awful ventures and unforeseen liabilities of the banks. The legislature here bought recently gave shares by the recapitalized banks through utilization of bonds. This expanded the administration proprietorship in the financial division. The administration then recapitalized banks by stretching out subjected credits to banks. This type of recapitalization forestalled expanding government proprietorship. The administration at that point left the banks to unravel issue on different account holders as it had more data in regards to them. The goal here was to attempt to isolate saves money with more indebted individuals from those with few. This cleared path for privatization process. The administration additionally presented solidification program planned for putting banks on target. This program expected banks to improve their administration, inner control and concoct modernized tasks. These measures empowered the legislature to create banks and settle the issue of obligations in the start of transition.[8] Role of privatization The administration had controlled the financial framework before progress process started in Hungary. The legislature needed to create banks to empower their privatization as it had being not able

Spaying and Neutering How Soon Is Too Soon Free Essays

English 101 29 May 2012 Spaying and Neutering: How Soon is too early? Regularly alluded to as â€Å"man’s best friend,† hounds have been around for a huge number of years. They give their affection and administrations to their human partners, and frequently get love, nourishment, and safe house consequently. Mindful canine proprietors wherever would concur that fixing your pooch is significant and something that must be done; yet the inquiry is when? The vast majority fix their canines between 5-7 months, basically in light of the fact that this is was basic custom. We will compose a custom article test on Fixing and Neutering: How Soon Is Too Soon? or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now A typical custom that should be reconsidered. What a great many people don't understand, is that it is generally advantageous to his/her wellbeing when a pooch is fixed or fixed after his/her first birthday celebration to advance a sound, prosperous, and malady free life. For one thing, I'm not catching it's meaning to fix or fix your pooch? Otherwise called desexing, it’s the way toward expelling their sex organs for populace control, wellbeing, and social alteration (O’Meara). The activity requires general sedative, fastens, and a nearby watch to guarantee safe mending. Since the system requires sedative, most veterinarians suggest that your canine be in the 5-multi month run for desexing. Most veterinarians state it is more secure for the canines to hold up until this age before experiencing a sedative medical procedure. They accept the liver and kidneys in more youthful creatures are less developed, and less equipped for enduring the impacts of the sedative (O’Meara). Be that as it may, a few veterinarians presently are stating it is sheltered and viable to fix your pet before this 5-multi month-point. Pooch proprietors can request to have their pet desexed at a previous age. The training was affirmed by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and studies done at the University of Illinois gave proof of effective early desexing of pooches (Fuess). Another normal conviction concerning desexing hounds at this stage is to dispense with the ‘naughty behaviors’ canines will create whenever fixed past the point of no return. Unfortunate sexual practices, for example, wandering, mounting, and masturbation can be decreased by fixing your male mutts (Clark Animal Hospital ). In any case, this is false: â€Å"The study that distinguished a higher frequency of cranial cruciate tendon break in fixed or fixed mutts additionally recognized an expanded occurrence of sexual practices in guys and females that were fixed early† (Zink). After I graduated secondary school, I got a Bullmastiff doggy. Many individuals instructed me to fix him when he was 5 months, yet I needed to pause. They let me know whether I didn’t do it soon, he would begin to build up these negative behavior patterns. Presently, he is very nearly a year old and I have no issues with his conduct, by any means. He additionally found a report from the American Kennel Club recommending guys and females who were fixed or fixed early having issues with animosity and frightful behaivors (Zink). Fixing a canine at a beginning time in life might not have a positive, yet rather a negative impact on their attitude. While it appears to be all anybody is keen on how early you can desex your pooches, and some trust it is viable to fix your creature at a beginning period, it is the most advantageous to wellbeing to hold up until after their first birthday celebration. Chris Zink, veterinarian and Diplomat of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, considers early fixing and neutering for hounds any desexing method done before pubescence. He saw numerous contrasts between hounds desexed at a previous age, and the individuals who weren’t. He saw factors in dogs’ wellbeing concerning orthopedics, malignant growth, conduct, and other wellbeing concerns identified with these creatures. One normal explanation individuals fix their male pooches before 7 months is to diminish their opportunity of creating prostrate malignancy. Nonetheless, there have been a few examinations that propose this gives no advantage (Zink). He additionally saw a distinction between hounds who had created bone disease and the individuals who had not. One source demonstrated a two-overlap higher hazard in hounds that were desexed early and other people who paused (Zink). Growing up, my family consistently had a pooch. Our first canine was a blonde German shepherd named Clyde. We followed the state of affairs, and when he was a half year old enough we had him fixed. He was the most steadfast, loyal, attractive, carefree pooch, and we adored him. Be that as it may, when Clyde got more seasoned, we needed to have him put him down in light of the fact that he had created bone malignant growth. In the wake of perusing the discoveries of Dr. Zink I ask myself, â€Å"If we had held on to fix Clyde, would he despite everything have created bone malignancy? † However, my choice to fix Bentley at a later age won't compensate for the thousands who don't. A great many people fix or fix their pooches at 5 to 7 months, essentially as a result of convention; however this is a custom that should be reexamined. Practices among vets need to change. At the point when somebody goes in for a meeting with their veterinarian, there ought to be a long conversation among them and the canine proprietors about fixing and fixing choices. The vast majority don’t even realize that standing by to desex is conceivable. The veterinarians, raisers, and proprietors who do trust in holding back to desex need to make a superior showing of promoting, teaching, and supporting this battle. Its an issue I continually raise when I take my pooch to the canine park. At the point when examined a great many people don’t even acknowledge it’s a choice; nonetheless, I am not an authorized vet, so not just I do urge others to look into the subject for themselves, yet to likewise converse with their veterinarian about their choices to hear an expert point of view. Presently I am all alone, and I have my very own canine. Bentley, my 110 pound 11-month old Bullmastiff, is unblemished and solid. At the point when I got him as a doggy, the raiser was extremely harsh about holding back to fix the little dog. Bullmastiffs are viewed as a goliath breed-hound; because of their enormous size, they are inclined to certain maladies, for example, hip dysplasia. â€Å"Another late examination demonstrated that mutts fixed or fixed before 5 1/2 months had an altogether higher frequency of hip dysplasia than those fixed or fixed following 5 1/2 months of age† (Zink). I’m deciding to keep my canine unblemished until after his 1 year point since it will advance his best wellbeing. what's more, will diminish his danger of building up this excruciating infection. Standing by likewise lessens his opportunity of gathering a social issue, and bone malignant growth. Desexing your pooch at the 5-multi month go does no such advantages. Bentley is separated of my family, and I need the best for him. The best no urishment, the best toys, and in particular: the best wellbeing. Despite the fact that it would have been ok for me to do so prior, fixing him after his first birthday celebration will be the most useful to his wellbeing; my vet, my raiser, and myself concur. Works Cited Alice Villaolobos, DVM. Veterinary Practice News. 1 Dec 2008. 29 May 2012 Web. veterinarypracticenews. com. Chris Zink, DVM, PhD, DACVP. â€Å"Early Spay-Neuter Considerations for the Canine Athlete: One Veterinarian’s Opinion. † 2005. caninesports. com. Web. 28 May 2012. Clark Animal Hospital . Fix Neuter. 28 May 2012. Dr. Becker. Dn’t Neuter Your Dog YET-Read This Information First! 17 February 2011. Web. 28 May 2012. Dr. Shauna, O’Meara. Pet Informed. Web. 28 May 2012. Theresa A. Fuess, PhD, VM-3. â€Å"Early Spay/Neuter: An Overview. † Illinois Veterinary Bulletin 6. 1 (1998). Step by step instructions to refer to Spaying and Neutering: How Soon Is Too Soon?, Essay models

Cyberbullying in Schools Information for School Psychologists - Free Essay Example

Cyberbullying has become prevalent in schools in recent history, particularly in the last decade, due to the rise in technology and social media. More children have their own cell phones than ever before, and they are getting their first cell phones at younger ages. Bullying has always been an issue in schools. With the emergence of cyberbullying, the bullying now often continues after the children leave school. It is hard for children to avoid the torment of their bully, since the bully can reach them anywhere from online. Due to this, it is important for school psychologists, and other school personnel, to understand the differences between traditional bullying and cyberbullying, and understand why some students bully while other students are targets. It is also important for school psychologists to understand the laws and best practices about bullying and cyberbullying, and to have knowledge of the best intervention strategies that they can apply at their schools. This paper is meant to give a broad overview of cyberbullying, and to help understand what a school psychologists role is regarding this issue in schools. This paper will discuss the following topics in the order listed here: general definition and prevalence; comparison of traditional bullying and cyberbullying; laws in schools; middle school students; high school students; college students; gender differences; characteristics of the cyberbully; characteristics of victims; children’s perspectives of cyberbullying; peer attachment and beliefs about aggression; high school teachers and support professionals perceptions and perspectives; a school psychologists role in assessment, prevention, and intervention; Intervention strategies; and educating students about dealing with cyberbullies. General Definition Prevalence in Schools A general definition of bullying is, â€Å"A form of unprovoked, aggressive behavior that involves a real or perceived power imbalance and is either repeated or has the potential to be repeated over time† (Lawner Trezian, 2013). An extension of bullying is cyberbullying, which is a form of bullying where victims are harassed via the internet or mobile phones (Doherty Lang, 2015). Due to how fast technology is changing, a study conducted a couple of years ago could already be inapplicable to some situations and schools. In 2008, the most common methods of cyberbullying was via phone calls and text messages (Smith et al., 2008). In 2010, the most common methods of cyberbullying were computer instant messages and online discussion groups (Content Server 40, NEED TO CITE, 2010). A study in 2016 cited methods used as emails, text messages, and messenger apps including WhatsApp and Messenger. There are many forms of cyberbullying, such as the following: flaming, cyber-stalking, denigration, impersonation, outing, exclusion and harassment. The most common forms of cyberbullying seen in schools include provocative messages with threats, and harassment. (Çak?r, Gezgin Ayas, 2016) Studies have found varying percentages of students who are cyberbullied, and those who cyberbully. The numbers range from 6% to 37% of students being victims of cyberbullying, and 2% to 36% of students being cyber bullies at some point. (Çak?r, Gezgin Ayas, 2016) The most reported numbers show the actual percentage of students who cyberbully or are cyberbullied are around 15% to 20%. Another study reported that 29% of students were bullied in schools, but only 1% were purely cyberbullied. Most children who are cyberbullied are also bullied by other means in person. (Wolke, Lee Guy, 2017) Another study reports that as many as 30% of students either bully or are bullied. (Diamanduros, Downs Jenkins, 2008) The number of students involved with either bullying or being victims of bullying are high enough to warrant school interventions. Some populations are more prone to bullying and cyberbullying than others. These populations include: students who identify as LGBTQ+, students who are overweight, students with disabilities, racial minorities, and ethnic minorities. (Bradshaw, Waasdorp, OBrennan Gulemetova, 2013). Comparison of traditional bullying and cyberbullying There is a phenomenon called the Online Disinhibition Effect (ODE), which is a psychological effect in which humans in cyberspace do not have their usual inhibitions and boundaries. This phenomenon is one reason why cyber bullying continues to be a big issue. Cyberbullying is often more intense and has more severe outcomes than face to face bullying, due to the disinhibitions online. (Lapidot-Lefler Dolev-Cohen, 2015) Although face to face bullying seems to be more prevalent in schools, students who are cyberbullied are often bullied face to face, or physically, as well. Despite being less common according to statistics, cyberbullying is more relevant than face to face bullying because of the ODE, which results in more severe bullying. Cyberbullies do many cruel things, including posting offensive, humiliating, or even nude pictures and videos to social media accounts. They may post them to the victims account, or make a fake account and post it there. (Çak?r, Gezgin Ayas, 2016) Laws in Schools As of 2011 there are 36 states that have provisions in their education codes that prohibit cyberbullying specifically. In addition, 13 states have jurisdiction over off-campus matters if it creates a hostile environment. Due to cyberbullying being a relatively new issue, and because it often occurs off campus, it is challenging for schools to enforces policies with the limited amount of legal authority they have. The U.S. Department of Education has 11 key components in state bullying legislation, and one of them addresses cyberbullying. It states that school districts must provide a very clear definition of cyberbullying, and it must be easy to understand and interpret by all. (Stuart-Cassel, Springer, 2011) Also as of 2011, 25 states define cyberbullying and prohibit it, 11 states prohibit it but don’t define it, and 10 states do not mention it at all. Some states have specific laws in place to try and prevent cyberbullying from occurring in the first place. One example is,â€Å"New Hampshire state laws requires each school district to provide educational programs for students and their families on ‘preventing, identifying, responding to, and reporting incidents of bullying or cyberbullying.’† (Stuart-Cassel, Springer, 2011) In some severe situations of bullying, parents or the victim may want to take action against who they feel responsible. In 18 states, bully legislation assures that state bullying laws don’t limit their rights to make legal claims against individuals or schools. Although courts seem to side with school districts more than it does with the victims. (Stuart-Cassel, Springer, 2011) A School Psychologists role in Assessment, Prevention, and Intervention Although School Psychologists already have many roles, there are a lot of approaches they can take to combating cyberbullying in their schools. They can be effective leaders in regards to promoting awareness of the issue, and explaining the psychological impact it has on students. They can, and should, also assess for prevalence and severity of cyberbullying in their schools. They should help develop prevention programs to address cyberbullying in their schools, as well as create intervention strategies for when cyberbullying inevitably occurs. School psychologists should also be a team member with other school personnel, and help develop policies for their school districts on this ever evolving issue. Middle School students High school students College students Gender differences Many studies have tried to analyze the gender difference in and cyberbullying victims and perpetrators, and many different results have been found. A meta-analysis by called, Is There a Gender Difference in Cyber-Victimization?: A Meta-Analysis, by Sun Fan in 2016 tries to discern the actual answer from these studies. Over 40 research articles were analyzed for their results, and the overall conclusion was females are overall slightly more likely to be cyber victims, while males are more likely to be the perpetrator of bullying overall. After the authors analyzed the 40 studies from different countries, they found that culture is a compounding factor. The effect size of gender was very different between asian respondents, and Northern America/ European respondents. Males in Asia were actually more likely to be cyberbullying victims than Asian females were. While on the other hand, females in North America and Europe were more like to be cyber victims than their male counterparts. (Sun Fan, 2016) Characteristics of the cyberbully (emotional and behavioral problems?) (psychological typology?) A meta-analysis of 77 studies evaluated the predictors of cyberbullying. It was found that a typical cyberbully would fit the following profile: be an older male; have been involved with offline bullying previously; have behavioral problems; believe that their aggressive behavior is okay; be online often; be victimized offline; report many internalizing symptoms; possibly have or show symptoms of an antisocial or narcissistic personality; lack moral values and empathy; have parents with many conflicts; have parents that do not supervise them much; have a negative climate in school; lack positive peer relationships. (Guo, 2016) Characteristics of Victims The meta-analysis of 77 studies mentioned in the previous section also found that the typical victim of cyberbullying would fit the this following profile: be a female; have experienced bullying offline previously; have high levels of stress and depression; feel lonely and hopeless; be on the internet often; possible bully other people face to face; have behavior problems; be antisocial; have low self-esteem; have a positive belief or attitude about aggression; live in a negative family environment; be less committed to school; be rejected and isolated severely from their peers. (Guo, 2016) Children’s perspectives of cyberbullying Peer Attachment and beliefs about aggression High school teachers/ teachers/ support professionals perceptions perspectives Intervention strategies Studies show that the most important and appropriate way to deal with cyberbullying is through education and publicity (Lapidot-Lefler Dolev-Cohen, 2015). It is also important for educators to know and understand that cyberspace and physical space cannot be severed; bullying online can lead to physical violence and vice versa. (Lapidot-Lefler Dolev-Cohen, 2015) Another approach to combating bullying and cyberbullying in schools is to educate teachers about the dynamics of bullying, providing in-depth information about signs of bullying, and educate on the signs that specifically pertain to cyberbullying. Schools can also involve their students in coming up with a solution, as some schools have created bullying committees for students to be a part of, which can help identify bullying issues that school staff were unaware of. (Smith, 2015)

Evaluating The Employee Benefits Options Available For Our...

The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate the employee benefits options available in our current job market and provide a solution for Crangle Fixtures. This trend of shifting benefit costs to the employees is not new, I saw it happened in 1990 but it is not a popular decision and has been increasing in the market due to the health care reform. I found several articles discussing this trend and for example the ADP Research Study published the following in 2010: â€Å"The 2010 MetLife Study of Employee Benefits Trends showed that employee loyalty had declined year over year, and was, at the time of the study, at a three-year low. Our survey findings suggest there may be a link. Many of the HR/benefit decision makers we surveyed indicate that shifting health care costs to employees has had a negative impact on morale and job satisfaction. This is not surprising given that benefits cost-sharing hits employees where it hurts the most - in the paycheck.†(Talent Management Chal lenge, n.d., p. 1) To begin this assignment I need to determine what kind of benefits are acceptable and moreover competitive for the fixtures’ industry. The Bureau of Labor Statistics published this information in 2014: â€Å"The median annual wage for all workers in manufacturing was $37,690 in May 2013, higher than the $35,080 median annual wage for all workers. In some occupations, workers have higher wages in manufacturing than they do in other industries. For example, in May 2013, general maintenance

Security Of Computer And Internet Crimes - 1628 Words

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Ap World History Green Revolution free essay sample

Document 2 proves that as the Green Revolution increased the population as well as food supply from 1950 to present date. If you recall from 1930-1945 there was a stop to the growth of food supply and population because of the Great Depression and World War 2; when the Green Revolution began in 1945 little by little food supply began to show growth and populations expanded meaning that many countries especially the United States and Germany that were greatly affected were able to prosper and use the Green Revolution as a way to continue expanding. Germany, United States, and multiple other countries’ economy were able to flourish and become among the most important countries. This document is a form of a non-biast opinion that clearly state true facts and is not defending either sides; it is proving the growth. Document 3 is an opinion of a person who has truly been able to see the effects of The Green Revolution; Harry Truman is making a reference to peace-loving people meaning that he believes that his country can become a better place by the new innovations which are ways in becoming into a united country and family. Harry Truman’s point of view is a reference to a biast opinion because it is the opinion from someone whose job to make it seem as if everything is sugar coated and everything is perfect meaning that his motive is inspire his country. According to Document 5 in Punjab the Green Revolution was the ignition to a spark that would lead to the uprise of competition and demonstrate the ability to create new technologies. Document 6 is a proven form of the luxurious lifestyles that farmers had in distinct areas in which the Green Revolution made a big impact on such as Mexico. Mrs. Dula is a high-ranked woman in society who shares a very optimistic point of view about the impact the Green Revolution believes that the Green Revolution has had a positive consequence on multiple farming families in Mexico. Documents 1, 4, 8, and 10 all prove that the Green Revolution had a negative consequence on the economies of many countries as well was a way in which their roots were removed. Document 1 is proof that once the Green Revolution started it brought a continuous progress of the wheat yields. The wheat yields were more common in Mexico than in India but due to all those wheat yields many jobs were lost meaning that many families had to find a different job. It is not very easy to start from the beginning when all you do is plant wheat. One thing you should take into account is the point of view of the source because it is a non-biast opinion and so the graph is based on true facts. Document 8 points out that in Punjab where the Green Revolution was said to cause prosperity but, by the over using of the multiple plants the consequence resulted into a negative effect and so caused more problems concerning water supply. Dr. Vandana Shiva, the source of this document posses a unique point of view because he is an ecologists and so deeply believes that the Green Revolution was a form of exploiting nature and increasing the conflicts between other farmers whose land was damaged by the Green Revolution. Document 10 proves that other civilizations such as the Mayans and the indigenous people were negatively affected by the Green Revolution; as a cause of the Green Revolution the consequence was that their seeds got contaminated meaning that a little big part from where they were from were lost and so as firm they stood they were not able to defend them. The Guatemalan National Committee of Indigenous people point of view expressed in this document is of interest because it is a voice of very frustration and doubt and so would like the way the lower social classes are treated to improve. Document 7 and 9 are both examples of the perspectives in which the Green Revolution made both a positive effect and a negative effect. In the positive perspective of Document 7 the Green Revolution as a cause was a major impact on the technology and so as a consequence it brought multiple social benefits. The negative perspective of the Document 7 is that women were forced to work and so also take on responsibilities that men usually do. The source of this document posse a unique point of view because it shows the way women’s role has increased little by little. The positive perspective of Document 9 is that the Green Revolution caused aspirations and as a consequence changed the way life was lived. The negative perspective of Document 9 is that the green Revolution caused peasants to be the main state. One should take into account the point of view of the source because it is a biast opinion from a government official meaning that he likes to brag about the improvement of their state. Both Document 7 and 9 are examples of the Green Revolution which caused abnormalities and as a consequence they were able to continue. Another additional source that would be useful is a map. A map would be useful because it is a way to trace the expansion of the Green Revolution. By tracing the expansion of the Green Revolution you can see the impact it has on all types of societies and from where directly the revolution started. A map is also a source of rich history and as so is key to identifying the place where the Green Revolution had the major impact. A map creates a sense of direction and a way to direct yourself and go along with a sense of guidance. The Green Revolution is a revolution in which has changed the way society plays out and the way we live out. It is also a form in which many new ideas have spread across and influenced multiple societies. For example Punjab which the Green Revolution brought both a positive consequence and negative consequence; the positive being that through it caused the encouragement and aspired many to work for something and not to be conformists and to work for something better and the negative effect being that it caused multiple problems with farmers and so the use of water became a very common conflict. The Green Revolution is also a way every society whether good or bad was able to develop and so become into more close and united. Whether positive or negative the Green Revolution made an impact on millions of people and was the start of a new era that till present date changes.